CPO2001 Midterm 2 Vocab

Civil liberties

Individual rights regarding freedom that are created by the constitution and the political regime

Civil rights

Individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime

republicanism

Indirect democracy that emphasizes the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials

ancien regime

European “old order” of absolute monarchy buttessed by religous authority

blocked vote

a vote that forces the (French) legislature to accept bills in their entirety and allows amendments only if they are approved by the government

Cohabitation

An arrangement in which presidents lacking a majority of legislative power appoint an opposition prime minister who can gain a majority of support in the legislature

Dirigisme

An emphasis on state authority in economic development; a combination of social-democratic and mercantilist ideas

École National d’Administration (ENA)

National Administrative School; a state educational institution whose primary mission is to train civil servants

Estates General

Weak French assembly before the French Revolution, representing the clergy, nobles, and commoners

Events of May

Parisian riots of 1968 in which students and workers called for educational and social reforms

Laïcité

The subordination of religious identity to state and national identity—state over church

Motion of censure (France)

An act of legislature against the government, requiring new elections when proposed legislation submitted as matters of confidence are not passed

Pantouflage

The move of the administrative elite from the bureaucracy to the top echelons of the private sector

Yellow vests movement

Mass protests in opposition to tax reforms and reductions in subsidies for gasoline

Bureaucratic authoritarianism

A system in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation

Clientelism

A process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support

Corporatism

A method of co-option whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state

Illiberal regime

A regime where democratic institutions that rest on the rule of law are weakly institutionalized and poorly respected

Kleptocracy

“Rule by theft,” where those in power seek only to drain the state of assets and resources

Nondemocratic regime

A political regime that is controlled by a small group of individuals who exercise power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public

Patrimonialism

A variant of clientelism whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler’s will

Rent seeking

Privileged economic benefits mediated by political power

Bonyads

Parastatal foundations made in part from assets nationalized after the Iranian Revolution

Operation Ajax

US/UK-backed overthrow of Iranian prime minister Mosaddeq in 1953

Principalists

Term for political conservatives in Iran who oppose liberalization and political reform

Revolutionary Guard

Paramilitary force charged with defending the regime from domestic and internal enemies

White Revolution

Reforms enacted by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, beginning in 1963, to rapidly modernize and westernize Iran

Bantustans

Tribal “homelands” established by the apartheid regime to deprive the black majority of South African citizenship

Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)

South Africa’s affirmative action program that aims to create a new class of black business owners and managers through a series of quotas and targets

Group Areas Act

The centerpiece of apartheid legislation that divided South Africans into four racial categories and required strict segregation of housing along racial lines

Relative deprivation model

Model that predicts revolution when public expectations outpace the rate of domestic change

Beijing Consensus

Neomercantilist model of state-led capitalism development adopted by China and proposed as an alternative to the Western neoliberal model known as the Washington Consensus

Cultural Revolution

Mao’s radical movement launched in 1966 to regain political control from rivals, resulting in a decade of social and political chaos

Red capitalists

Private entrepreneurs who are also members of the CCP and whose interests align with those of the party-state

Reform and opening

Deng’s economic liberalization policy, starting in the late 1970s

Social Credit System (SCS)

State-implemented behavioral modification system that tracks the economic and social actions of Chinese citizens and businesses

Special economic zones

Enclaves established since 1979 by the Chinese government that have offered tax breaks and other incentives to lure foreign investment

Derivation formula

Formula for distributing oil revenues between national and local governments in Nigeria

Federal character principle

Nigerian quota system designed to ease ethnic tension by requiring the president to appoint ministers and civil servants from each Nigerian state

Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND)

Militant separatist group from the Niger Delta

Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP)

Ethnic association founded by Ken Saro-Wiwa to promote the interests of ehtnic Ogoni in the Niger Delta

State-nation

A multicultural or even multinational state that manages to retain relatively strong levels of patriotism from its citizens

Zoning

A PDP system of presidential rotation; the party would alternate every two terms nominating candidates from Nigeria’s north and south

Codetermination

The system requiring that unions occupy half of all seats on the boards of directors of Germany’s largest private firms

Gastarbeiter

German for “guest workers”

Junkers

Politically powerful Prussian landed aristocrats

Social market economy

The term used in Germany to describe the country’s capitalist economy with strong social-democratic feature