AP Classroom Final Review HW

All of the following are commonly used to deal with the side effects of eutrophication in lakes EXCEPT

**A**

applying herbicides to kill nuisance plants

**B**

dredging out lakes to deepen them

**C**

pumping oxygen into the lowest layers of water

**D**

introducing insects that eat certain nuisance plants

**E**

adding nitrates

E

**Directions:** Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case.

A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species.

If the pond is resampled a year later, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent development?

**A**

An uncommon species has become more numerous.

**B**

An increase in low-tolerance species has occurred.

**C**

A decrease in high-tolerance species has occurred.

**D**

Phylogenetic diversity has increased.

**E**

The biodiversity of the pond has decreased.

E

Biological control methods for managing insect pests are effective for reasons that include which of the following?


1. They promote genetic resistance in the target species, resulting in a population explosion of the target species.
2. They generally focus on one target insect to ensure that the target insect population remains low.
3. They can lead to a self-perpetuating population of a control species.

**A**

I only

**B**

II only

**C**

I and III only

**D**

II and III only

**E**

I, II, and III

D

The majority of atmospheric mercury is produced by

**A**

medical waste incinerators

**B**

volatilization of lead-based paint

**C**

coal-burning power plants

**D**

runoff from thermometer factories

**E**

municipal waste incinerators

C

**The following questions refer to the gases listed below.**

(A) H2O

(B) CO2

(C) CH4

(D) O3

(E) CCl2F2

A greenhouse gas that is exclusively anthropogenic

**A**

H2O

**B**

CO2

**C**

CH4

**D**

O3

**E**

CCl2F2

E

Some toxic compounds are ingested and retained in the tissues. These pollutants pose special risks to humans and other organisms high on the food chain because of which process?

**A**

Synergism

**B**

Compound contamination

**C**

Biomagnification

**D**

Threshold effect

**E**

Carcinogenesis

C

Which of the following best describes a benefit of increasing the number of offshore wind farms rather than onshore wind farms?

**A**

Offshore wind farms will consume less water during operation than wind farms on land because the turbines require less steam for electricity generation.

**B**

Offshore wind farms will decrease the maintenance costs associated with electricity generation because they are cheaper to operate than wind farms on land.

**C**

Offshore wind farms will emit less carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide than wind farms on land because they are farther from urban areas.

**D**

Offshore winds farms will produce up to three times as much electricity as wind farms on land because of increased wind speeds offshore.

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D

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an effect of global warming?

**A**

Loss of fertile delta regions for agriculture

**B**

Change in global patterns of precipitation

**C**

Extinction of some species that have narrow temperature requirements

**D**

Decreased rate of photosynthesis in vegetation

**E**

Increased frequency of hurricanes

D

Which of the following is the best description of bioaccumulation?

**A**

The uptake of essential nutrients by plant roots

**B**

The absorption of a substance by an organism at a rate greater than the rate of elimination

**C**

The transfer of persistent pollutants like PCBs from one generation to the next

**D**

A process that occurs exclusively in marine ecosystems

**E**

A high mortality rate in organisms that have been exposed to a toxin

B

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the qualities of water samples.


1. Acidity
2. Turbidity
3. Hardness
4. Dissolved oxygen
5. Salinity

Measured on the pH scale

A

A field is abandoned, and an invasive plant that can live in nutrient-poor soil moves into the field. If the land is later cleared of this invasive species and it is discovered that the soil has an abundance of nitrogen compounds, what conclusion can best be made?

**A**

The plants used up all of the phosphorus and potassium and left the nitrogen behind.

**B**

Primary succession always produces an abundance of nitrogen.

**C**

Bacteria in soil and in root nodules converted free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds.

**D**

The plants were able to produce nitrogen in their leaves.

**E**

More rock was weathered and broken down to release nitrogen compounds.

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C

All of the following are considered toxic metal pollutants EXCEPT

**A**

cadmium

**B**

chromium

**C**

lead

**D**

mercury

**E**

potassium

E

Which of the following events would most likely lead to a decrease in the pH in the oceans?

**A**

Decreased deforestation in agricultural areas

**B**

Decreased vehicular emissions from cars and trucks

**C**

Increased burning of fossil fuels in power plants

**D**

Increased rates of photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems

C

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the substances listed.

(A) Asbestos

(B) Radon

(C) Lead

(D) Carbon monoxide

(E) Formaldehyde

Composed of fibers known to cause lung disease

A

Of the phenomena that correlate with the data above, the one that is the most direct consequence of the trend in air travel is

**A**

the increase in the spread of infectious diseases

**B**

the increase in urban sprawl

**C**

the decrease in biodiversity

**D**

the increase in hypoxic aquatic ecosystems

**E**

the decrease in the total fertility rate of developed nations

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A

Which of the following is an environmental problem associated with abandoned coal mines?

**A**

Thermal pollution of streams in the area

**B**

Acid drainage due to leaching of spoil heaps by rainwater

**C**

Air pollution caused by smog from ozone formation

**D**

Alkaline solutions that pollute streams

**E**

Released nutrients that cause eutrophication into streams

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B

Waste from which of the following is an example of nonpoint source pollution?

**A**

Overflow from a sewage treatment plant

**B**

Outgassing from a municipal landfill

**C**

Dumping at a food-processing plant

**D**

Drainage from an abandoned mine

**E**

Runoff from agricultural fields

E

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following gases.


1. Carbon dioxide
2. Carbon monoxide
3. Methane
4. Radon
5. Sulfur dioxide

Has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen has

B

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following air pollutants.

(A) Sulfur dioxide

(B) Lead

(C) Ozone

(D) Hydrocarbons

(E) Particulates

Implicated in human neurological damage

B

Which of the following is part of a positive feedback mechanism associated with global climate change?

**A**

Increased gas mileage in cars

**B**

Increased cloudiness caused by more moisture in the atmosphere

**C**

Melting of Arctic sea ice

**D**

Increased acidity of seawater

**E**

Increased growth of CO2 -absorbing trees and grasses

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C

Traveling southward from the Arctic regions of Canada to the tropics of Panama, one passes through several biomes - tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest. This pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of

**A**

primary and secondary succession

**B**

the invasion of exotic species

**C**

an increase in mean annual temperature and a decrease in mean annual precipitation

**D**

an increase in both mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation

**E**

an increase in the total annual hours of sunlight

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D

The largest area of old-growth forest in the United States is located in

**A**

Alaska

**B**

Montana

**C**

California

**D**

North Carolina

**E**

Michigan

A

True statements about ozone include which of the following?


1. Ozone is a precursor of acid rain.
2. Contact with ozone can be injurious to human health.
3. Ozone absorbs some wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation

**A**

II only

**B**

III only

**C**

I and III only

**D**

II and III only

**E**

I, II, and III

D

Which of the following age structure diagrams represents a population that most likely has a negative growth rate?

D

 The diagram below is an illustration of global atmospheric circulation.

 

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Which of the following is a biome found at 30°Nand 30°S as seen in the diagram?

**A**

Rain forests

**B**

Tundras

**C**

Coniferous forests

**D**

Deserts

D

Which of the following best explains why the maximum sustainable yield for ocean fisheries has been exceeded?

**A**

Populations of fish-eating birds such as the albatross have increased.

**B**

Too many fish of reproductive age are harvested.

**C**

Too many marine fish farms have been created.

**D**

Everything trapped by large bottom trawl nets is used for food.

**E**

For every calorie of fish caught, a ship uses only about 0.5 calorie of fuel energy.

B

The underlying subsoil of this biome is permafrost, which prevents both water draining through and deep-rooted plants from growing. Additionally, there is very little precipitation per year.

**A**

Temperate grassland

**B**

Taiga

**C**

Tropical rainforest

**D**

Tundra

D

When a rain forest is slashed and burned, the local concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. This is primarily due to

**A**

changes in the local climate

**B**

oxidation of carbon compounds

**C**

cellular respiration of rain-forest plants

**D**

erosion of exposed soil

**E**

carbon dioxide being released by anaerobic organisms

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B

Which of the following best describes the primary cause of global ocean warming?

**A**

Increased number of animal species using ocean gyres for migration

**B**

Increased movement from the ocean floor (upwelling) during La Niña events

**C**

Increased thermal pollution in rivers and streams near power plants and industrial manufacturers

**D**

Increased global temperature from an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

\

D

Which of the following best describes the action of an endocrine disruptor?

**A**

An endocrine disruptor attacks hormones that invade a body system and cause disease.

**B**

An endocrine disruptor blocks the receptor protein binding site of a hormone so that the cell cannot receive a signal.

**C**

An endocrine disruptor acts as an organic catalyst, produced by living things to regulate the rate of chemical reactions.

**D**

An endocrine disruptor helps to transport substances, such as pesticides, in an organism following exposure.

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B

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas that comes only from human sources?

**A**

Nitrous oxide

**B**

Carbon dioxide

**C**

Methane

**D**

Chlorofluorocarbons

**E**

Carbon monoxide

D

Catalytic converters reduce which of the following pairs of pollutants in car exhaust?

**A**

Carbon dioxide and ozone

**B**

Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons

**C**

Carbon dioxide and particulates

**D**

Lead and mercury

**E**

Methane and particulates

B

Which of the following substances is released by CFC's and catalyzes a chain reaction that breaks down ozone in the upper atmosphere?

**A**

Carbon monoxide

**B**

Carbon dioxide

**C**

Chlorine

**D**

Sulfur dioxide

**E**

Methane

C

Compared with people in developing countries, people in industrialized countries are more likely to eat

**A**

beans

**B**

beef

**C**

corn

**D**

rice

**E**

wheat

B

Many synthetic chemicals, such as PCBs, act as estrogen mimics. In an ecosystem, these persistent chemicals would have the greatest effect on which of the following?

**A**

Decomposers

**B**

Primary producers

**C**

Parasites

**D**

Secondary consumers

**E**

Autotrophs

D

Which of the following is a characteristic of tropical rain forests?

**A**

They rarely receive more than 100 centimeters of rain per year.

**B**

Their soils typically have a high pH.

**C**

Their soils are relatively poor in nutrients.

**D**

They do not exhibit a great deal of species diversity.

**E**

They generally occur in the rain shadows of mountain ranges.

C

Based on the diagram, which group of organisms would be considered herbivores?

**A**

Snakes

**B**

Mice

**C**

Grasshoppers

**D**

Grasses

C

Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity?

**A**

Selective cutting

**B**

Clear-cutting

**C**

Shelter-wood cutting

**D**

Slash and burn clearing

**E**

Gleaning

B

**The following questions refer to the energy sources listed.**

(A) Uranium-238

(B) Coal

(C) Natural gas

(D) Oil

(E) Solar

Is primarily responsible for acid rain in the northeast United States

B

Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature?

**A**

Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis.

**B**

Carbon compounds rarely exist in the gaseous state.

**C**

Carbon sinks include forests and oceans.

**D**

The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is reduced by cutting trees.

**E**

Carbon is concentrated in igneous rocks.

C

Members of an r-selected species characteristically

**A**

grow slowly

**B**

produce few offspring

**C**

reach sexual maturity quickly

**D**

have long life spans

**E**

are very protective of their offspring

C

Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society?

**A**

The total fertility of a society is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.

**B**

The total fertility of a society is the number of children necessary for a couple to replace themselves in the next generation.

**C**

The total fertility of a society is positively correlated with the average education of women.

**D**

The total fertility of a society is negatively correlated with the number of women of child-bearing age.

**E**

The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition.

E

Acid rain is associated with which of the following?

**A**

Formation of the antarctic ozone hole

**B**

Release of PCBs into the atmosphere

**C**

Damage to tropical rain forests

**D**

The burning of fossil fuels

**E**

The increasing pH of lake waters

D

Which of the following components of a wastewater treatment plants designed to facilitate the decomposition of organic material by aerobic microorganisms?

**A**

Bar screen

**B**

Grit-settling tank

**C**

Activated-sludge tank

**D**

Chlorination tank

**E**

Ultraviolet-light array

C

Represents the biotic potential of the species

A

The development of dangerous strains of disease organisms represents a significant consequence of which of the following agricultural practices?

**A**

Using herbicides in mechanized, large-scale grain farming

**B**

Using plant-based insecticidal compounds on vegetable crops

**C**

Growing crops that are genetically modified for increased yields

**D**

Including the use of legumes into croprotation protocols

**E**

Incorporating antibiotics into the feeding regimens of densely concentrated livestock

E

Which of the following is a major goal of the program begun in 1995 to reintroduce the gray wolf into Yellowstone National Park?

**A**

Decrease the number of grizzly bears, because they were becoming a nuisance

**B**

Enable the removal of the gray wolf from the endangered species list

**C**

Increase the dwindling numbers of tourists that visit the park each year

**D**

Upset the natural predator-prey balance between coyotes and elk

**E**

Decrease the number of sheep and cattle that wander into the park and overgraze the vegetation

B

The drop in stratospheric ozone levels in the Southern Hemisphere (the "ozone hole") is most evident during which season?

**A**

Antarctic spring (October)

**B**

Antarctic autumn (April)

**C**

Antarctic summer only (January)

**D**

Antarctic winter only (July)

**E**

Both Antarctic summer and Antarctic winter (January and July)

A

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following questions(s) refer to the following elements.

(A) Carbon

(B) Sodium

(C) Sulfur

(D) Phosphorus

(E) Potassium

Guano from fish-eating birds is a commercial source of this element.

D

All of the following statements about invasive exotic species are true EXCEPT:

**A**

They may compete with native species for food.

**B**

They may prey on native species.

**C**

They are generally introduced by human activity.

**D**

They may be plant or animal species.

**E**

They tend to have low reproductive rates.

E