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Occupant Load
Maximum number of people allowed in a space.
Load Factor
Square foot per occupant permitted by code.
Evacuation
Direct path provided for occupants to exit.
Defend in Place
Occupants wait in a safe area for assistance.
Exit Access
Path leading to an exit from a space.
Exit
Protected way from exit access to public way.
Exit Discharge
Connects an exit to a public way.
Public Way
Pathway accessible to the public for egress.
Doorways
Common exits connecting rooms to corridors.
Stairways
Stairs providing access between building floors.
Ramps
Used for level changes requiring accessibility.
Corridors
Enclosed passage leading to an exit.
Aisles
Passageways created by furniture or equipment.
Aisle Accessway
Short path leading to another aisle.
Adjoining Rooms
Rooms allowing access to exits through them.
Exterior Exit Doors
Doors leading from building to open air.
Exit Stairs
Stairs enclosed with rated assemblies for safety.
Areas of Refuge
Safe waiting areas for assistance during emergencies.
Horizontal Exits
Protected path to a safe area, not exterior.
Exit Passageways
Horizontal corridors providing exit-level protection.
Exit Discharge Components
Includes lobbies, courtyards, or safe passages.
Minimum Door Dimensions
Doors must be at least 80" tall, 32" wide.
Slope Ratio for Ramps
Maximum slope is 1:12 for accessibility.
Fire Rating for Corridors
Typically nonrated or 1-hour based on conditions.
Rated Assemblies
Construction materials providing fire resistance.
Moving Walkways
Typically not allowed as means of egress.
Elevators in Egress
Not usually allowed, exceptions for accessibility.
Exit Discharge Area
Space between corridor end and exterior exit door.
Egress Court
Partially enclosed area connecting exit door to public way.
Travel Distance
Distance from remote point to exit serving it.
Common Path of Travel
Initial travel direction before reaching exit options.
Dead-End Corridor
Corridor with only one exit direction.
Maximum Dead-End Length
Commonly limited to 20 feet in emergencies.
Egress Widths
Determined by occupancy load and exit requirements.
Exit Capacity
Must not decrease in direction of travel.
Exit Width Units
Measured in units of 22 inches each.
Exit Signs
Required at exits and unclear directions.
Sign Color Regulations
Red or green for high visual contrast.
Running Man Sign
Illuminated exit sign with backup power.
Fire Occurrence
Death occurs every 2.5 hours in U.S.
Leading Cause of Fire Deaths
Smoking is the primary cause.
Residential Fire Causes
Cooking is the main cause of fires.
Smoke Alarm Impact
37% of fire deaths occur without smoke alarms.
Fire Ignition Sources
Includes defective furnaces and electrical issues.
Fire Growth Factors
Buildings contain fuel and promote fire spread.
Combustion Elements
Fire Triangle: fuel, heat, and oxygen.
Oxygen
Essential element for combustion processes.
Combustion
Rapid chemical reaction releasing heat and light.
Chemical Change
Transformation of substances during combustion.
Smoke
Incompletely burned particles suspended in air.
Oxidation
Fuel molecules combine with oxygen molecules.
Energy Release
Occurs during oxidation and combustion processes.
Rust
Oxidation of iron resulting in corrosion.
Thermal Products
Includes flame and heat from combustion.
Non-Thermal Products
Includes smoke and gases produced by combustion.
Carbon Monoxide
Invisible, odorless, and deadly combustion gas.
Carbon Dioxide
Invisible, odorless gas produced during combustion.
Burning PVC
Produces 500x more smoke than red oak.
Urea Formaldehyde Foam
Produces hydrogen cyanide gas without flame.
Fire Safety Objectives
Goals to prevent fires and protect lives.
Codes
Regulations governing construction and fire safety.
Inspections
Required checks before and during construction.
Public Awareness
Education initiatives to promote fire safety.
Protection of Life
Primary goal of fire safety measures.
Protection of Structure
Preventing building collapse and maintaining value.
Compartmentation
Design strategy to limit fire spread.
Fire Area
Building section enclosed by fire-rated construction.
Fire Wall
Wall preventing fire spread between building sections.
Fire Barriers
Elements preventing flame and heat spread.
Spray-on Fireproofing
Material applied to enhance fire resistance.
Non-Combustible Materials
Materials that resist burning under heat.
Fire Walls
Highest fire rating, continuous from foundation to roof.
Fire Separation Walls
Tenant separation walls with typically 1-hour rating.
Floor/Ceiling Assemblies
Includes all ducts, piping, wiring between floors.
Vertical Openings
Includes shafts, elevators, and ductwork chases.
Fire Doors
Entire assembly rated for fire resistance.
Glass in Fire-rated Openings
Includes tempered, laminated, and wire glass types.
Fire Dampers
Installed in ducts, activated by heat.
Smoke Dampers
Activated by smoke detection, installed in ducts.
Fire Stops
Restrict flame, smoke, and heat in concealed spaces.
Smoke Management
Design goals to reduce deaths and property damage.
Smoke Barriers
Continuous wall assemblies from floor to floor.
Occupancy Hazard Classifications
Classifies buildings based on fire hazard level.
Light Hazard
Low combustibility, examples include apartments and hotels.
Ordinary Hazard
Moderate combustibility, examples include garages and bakeries.
Extra Hazard
Very high combustibility, examples include chemical works.
Detection Systems
Initiate fire protection by detecting early signs.
Incipient Stage
Initial combustion, no visible smoke or flame.
Smoldering Stage
Presence of smoke with little heat.
Flame Stage
Visible flame, increased heat, reduced smoke.
Heat Stage
Large heat, flame, smoke, and toxic gases.
Ionization-type Detector
Detects microscopic particles from fast-burning fires.
Gas Detector
Senses changes in gas content during incipient stage.
Wilson Cloud Chamber
Detects particles in early fire stages, sensitive to dust.
Photoelectric Detector
Uses light beams interrupted by smoke particles.
Air Sampling Devices
Continuously sample air for smoke presence.
Flame Detector
Uses optical sensors to identify flames.
Ultraviolet Radiation Detectors
Detects heat energy from flames directly or indirectly.
Reaction Time
Speed at which fire detection occurs.
Infrared Radiation Detectors
Detect rapid CO2 production during combustion.
