Biology Test 3

Identify different body sizes that are effects of natural selection

• Predator- Big

• Prey- Small

• Food limitation- Small

• Female fecundity- large

• Temperature- Large

• Temperature in ectotherms- Small

4 types of organic molecules

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Lipids

• Nucleic acids

Properties of carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides- Simple sugars and glucose

• Disaccharides- 2 monomers fused together through dehydration synthesis

• Polysaccharides- Multiple Monosaccharides EX Starch

Examples of carbohydrates

Glycogen + Glucose+ Maltose, Starch

Lipids

Largely non polar, hydrophobic

Examples of Lipids

waxes, oils, fats, steroids, phospholipids

Protiens

Composed of long chains of amino acids

Examples Of proteins

Ex Enzymes and Amino acids

Nucleic Acid

Composed of long chains of nucleotides.

Examples of Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Relationship between monomers and polymers

• Monomers are the building blocks of polymers.

• Monomers are small molecules, mostly organic, that can join with other similar molecules to form polymers.

Hydrolysis

Addition of water to break polymer bond

Dehydration synthesis

Release of water, forming bond between monomer, releasing water

Why are cells limited to a small size?

• Surface area to volume ratio-

• Cell size is limited due to the inability of very large cells to provide nutrients and water and remove wastes in an efficient manner.

Prokaryote

No membrane bound organelles

Have nucleic structures/ no nucleus

contains DNA

Eukaryotic cells

Contain membrane bound organelles

Contains nucleus

Plant + Animal + Protest cells

Plant cells

• Cell wall made of cellulose

• large central vacuole

• Chloroplasts

Animal cells

Lack Cell walls

Centrosomes

Lysosomes

Cell wall

Made of cellulose

Forms shape of cell

only in plant cell

for protection

Chloroplast

• in only plant cells

• contains green pigment Chlorophyl

• where photosynthesis takes place.

Plasma Membrane

separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment

Golgi Apparatus

packages proteins and sends them off to vesicles

Ribosomes

Involved in protein synthesis

translates RNA into amino acids to form protiens

nucleus

Contains chromosomes

houses genetic information

flagellum

hair like projection used for locomotion in cell

Cytoskeleton

holds organelles in place

Maintains structural integrity of cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

Transport system

lysosome

break down excess and worn out cell parts

vesicle

transport materials within plasma membrane

Vacuole

store nutrients and water on which a cell can rely for its survival

Function of cellular respiration

Produce ATP, used for metabolic self processes

Inputs of cellular respiration

Oxygen and glucose

Outputs of cellular respiration

ATP

Bi Product of cellular respiration

Co2 and H20

Main steps of cellular respiration

Glycolysis

Citrid acid cycle

electron transport chain

Glycolysis

Breakdown of sugar

Pyruvate processing

pyruvate is broken down making NADH and FADH2

Electron transport chain

• electrons are supplied by NADH and FADH2

• Redox reaction electrons get passed molecule by molecule down chain, move it to lower energy state

• Used to pump energy across membrane

• produces proton that stores energy

• O2 is the final acceptor of electrons forming water, H+ ions reenter mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase

• 34 ATP produced

Role of protiens in electron transport chain

electrons energy is being used by each protein to pump proteins into inter-membrane space

Role of O2 in cellular respiration

• final electron receptor

• ATP synthase cannot function without it leading to cell death

Role of proton gradient and ATP synthase

Like charges repeal and when the “Door” opens they all rush through pushing ATP synthase windmill

Trace flow of energy through steps of cellular respiration

Glycolysis, pyruvate, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

How does fermentation differ from cellular respiration

No electron transport chain

Just perform glycolysis and makes 2 ATP

Outputs of fermentation

Alchohol

lactic acid

Observation of reddish light coming from chlorophyll

When the bright white light hits the chlorophyll, the energy in the photons from the light is absorbed and 'excites' electrons in the chlorophyll to a higher energy state. However, the electron then quickly drops back down to ground state, releasing the energy as light, usually of a longer wavelength, otherwise known as fluorescence.

why does chlorophyll in leaf behave differently then isolated chlorophyll

Energy from leaf chlorophyll is being used

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis similar

• Both produce ATP

• Both produce some form of energy

• both use electron transport chain

How are cellular respiration and Photosynthesis different

• Inputs and outputs

• where it takes place

• citric acid cycle vs calvin cycle

Inner relation between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Output of photosynthesis is the input of cellular respiration

They need each other to function

Trace flow of energy as they would occur in plant cell

Sunlight, glucose, ATP

explain general mechanism of how enzymes function

1. Sustrate enters activation site

2. substates react with each other

3. bonded substates leave enzyme, enzyme is ready to be used again

What determines specificity of enzymes for reactions they catalyze

1. Shape of enzyme activation site

recall mechanism of ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and PI

Hydrogen atoms turn rutor pushing ADP and PI together

Recall general function that gradient serves in cell

• Do biological work

• Energy storage

• produce most of cells ATP

How do gradients function in cell using example of ATP synthase

Like charges repel pushing ADP and PI together

examples of how gradients in cells are used to work

1. Diffusion

2. ATP synthase