Cell Physiology

CELL PHYSIOLOGY

Solute

Substances being dissolved

Solvent

Substance doing the dissolving

Concentration

Amount of solute relative to a solution

Concentration gradient

Difference in concentration between areas

High to low

down the concentration gradient

Low to high

against the concentration gradient

Total Body Weight

Total amount of water in the body

Intracellular Fluid (ICF) and Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

2 Major Fluid Compartments

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid inside the cells

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Largest fluid compartment

Extracellular Fluid

Fluid outside cells

Intravascular Fluid

IVF

Intravascular Fluid

inside the blood vessels and mainly blood plasma

Interstitial Fluid

ISF

Interstitial Fluid

fluid between the cells

Edema

Too much or too little fluid can cause what?

Freely permeable

does not restrict substances from entering

Selectively permeable

allows certain substances to enter bases on size, shape, charge, and lipid solubility

KGE

enzymes, glycogen, and potassium found in higher concentrations inside the cell

NaCaCl

sodium, calcium, and chloride are found in higher concentrations in the extracellular fluid

Diffusion

directly through

Diffusion

Small lipid_soluble molecules can pass directly

Diffusion

Ex: O2, CO2, fatty acids, steroid hormones, vitamins A, D, E, K

Membrane channels

Protein channels that extend across the membrane

Membrane channels

Allow substances to pass based on size, shape, and charge

Membrane channels

Ex: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl

Carrier Proteins

Bind the molecules and transport them across and release them

Carrier proteins

Ex: glucose

Vesicles

Active transport

Vesicles

Can transport a variety of materials

Vesicles

Fuse with cell membrane (takes/releases contents)

Vesicles

Ex: oxytocin, releases the love hormones

Passive Transport

Automatic, no energy required

Diffusion

movement of solute molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Simple Diffusion

Passes directly through the lipid bilayer

Simple Diffusion

Ex: gas exchange in lungs

Facilitated Diffusion

Through membrane channels

Facilitated Diffusion

requires membrane protein but no ATP

Osmosis

Passive movement of water

Osmosis

Water moves towards the side

Osmosis

More solute, then greater pull for water

Osmosis

Greater solute, high osmotic pressure

Filtration

Movement of fluid through membrane/partition with small openings

Filtration

Driven by hydrostatic pressure

Filtration

High pressure to low pressure

Filtration

Ex: Blood vessels push water and dissolved substances to tissues

Hypertonic, Isotonic, Hypotonic

Types of solution

Isotonic

Water concentration and solutes are equal on both sides of the cell membrane

Isotonic

Do not cause a net movement of water into or out of the cell

Isotonic

Cells neither shrink nor swell

Hypotonic

lower concentration of solutes

Hypotonic

higher concentration of water

Hypotonic

Water moves into the cell

Hypotonic

lower than .90

Lysis

cell may burst/swell

Hypertonic

Higher concentration of solute

Hypertonic

Lower concentration of solute

Hypertonic

water moves out of the cell

Crenation

cell shrinks

Hypertonic

greater than 90

Active transport

requires energy

Active transport

uses ATP (adenosine triphosphate) directly or indirectly

Active transport

moves substances from low concentration to high concentration

Active transport

moves against the concentration gradient

Sodium_Potassium Pump

moves sodium (Na) out of cells and potassium (K) into cells

Sodium_Potassium Pump

uses ATP

Secondary Active Transport

uses the energy in an ion gradient to move a second solute

Cotransport

substances move in the SAME direction

Countertransport

substances move in OPPOSITE direction

Vesicular transport

uses vesicles: membrane_bound sac used to move materials

Endocytosis

packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle at the cell surface for import into the cell

Phagocytosis

cell eating and engulfs large practices

Pinocytosis

cell drinking and smaller vesicles

Receptor_mediated Endocytosis

specific substances bind to receptors and allow targeted substances to enter

Exocytosis

elimination of material from the cell through the formation of vesicles

Vesicular transport

important in secretory and nerve cells

DNA molecule opens up, RNA (A, U, C, G) match up and join the open DNA strand, mRNA is released and moves out to the cytoplasm

Steps of Transcription [Read Halie's transes, smartbook, or textbook]

Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Uracil

sigaw (CGAU)

Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine

sugat (CGAT)

mRNA attaches to part of the ribsome, tRNA (amino acids) will match triplet codes of mRNA, amino acid chain becomes longer as more tRNA matches up with mRNA

Steps of Translation [Read Halie's transes, smartbook, or textbook]

Interphase

longer phase of the cell cycle

Interphase

With high metabolic activity

Interphase

DNA replication happens here

Interphase

Production of additional organelles happen

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Mitosis

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosome

two chromatids

Each chromosome = ________ joined at the centromere

Prophase

Centrioles move to the opposite ends

Prophase

Spindle fibers extend between the centriole pairs

Prophase

nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear

Metaphase

All the genetic material in condensing into chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromatids align along the equator of the cell, called the equatorial plane

Equatorial plane

equator of the cell

Anaphase

shortest phase (parang kayo ng totga mo)

Anaphase

The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart

Anaphase

Chromosomes are separated by a structure called the mitotic spindle

Telophase

Chromosomal movements stops

Telophase

Chromosomes uncoil (chromatin)

Telophase

Nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli form