AP World Unit 1

PROPHET MUHAMMAD

A trader from Mecca who received religious revelations and founded Islam.

QURAN

The sacred scripture of Islam, containing the revelations given to the Prophet Muhammad.

UMMA

The just and moral community of believers in Islam.

SUNNI

A branch of Islam that believed the community should follow established leaders.

SHIA/SHI'ITE

A branch of Islam that felt they were the defenders of the oppressed.

ULAMA

Educated Islamic scholars who served as judges, teachers, and preservers of Islamic law.

SHARIA

Islamic law, which was taught and interpreted by the ulama.

SUFISM

The mystical branch of Islam where followers sought a direct, personal connection with God.

THERAVADA BUDDHISM

A form of Buddhism that emphasizes monks, strict meditation, and wisdom.

MAHAYANA BUDDHISM

A more accessible form of Buddhism, offering enlightenment to ordinary people.

BHAKTI MOVEMENT

A popular Hindu devotional movement focused on intense devotion to a specific god.

CONFUCIANISM

A Chinese philosophy that focuses on education, family, and social order.

HAN DYNASTY

A Chinese dynasty from 206 BCE to 220 CE that faced competition from Islam.

MANDATE OF HEAVEN

The belief that Chinese rulers were chosen by the gods.

FILIAL PIETY

Deep respect and obedience for parents and ancestors.

DAOISM

A Chinese philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with nature.

JUDAISM

The monotheistic religion centered on one holy god who demands moral behavior.

JESUS

A Jewish teacher and healer who founded the religion of Christianity.

PALEOLITHIC ERA

The old stone age, over 95% of human history when small groups lived by gathering and hunting.

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

The change from gathering to domesticating plants and animals, leading to permanent settlements.

PASTORAL SOCIETIES

Moving societies that depended mostly on domesticated herds for food and materials.

PATRIARCHY

A social system in which men hold greater family, political, and economic authority.

HINDUISM

An ancient and highly diverse Indian religious tradition with no founder, including many gods.

UPANISHADS

Hindu philosophical texts written around 500-400 BCE that teach about reality and the individual soul.

SIDDHARTHA GUATAMA

A prince from northern India who left his life to understand suffering and reach enlightenment.

BUDDHA

Meaning 'the enlightened one', the title given to Siddhartha Guatama after he began teaching.