neuro exam case study 1

cranial

head`

rostral

back

ventral

belly/front

dorsal

back/fin

caudal

tail

coronal

head ona

axial/transverse

cut in half (birds eye)

sagittal

left and right (profile)

midsagittal

sagittal slice down the midline

oblique

diagonal slice

gyrus

ridge on the surface of the cerebrum

sulcus

groove

fissure

a deep groove

gray matter

generic term for neurons in the CNS

Nucleus

Clearly defined mass of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Ganglion

Collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS

Substantia

Lesss distinct borders of cell bodies than nucleiL

Locus

Small but well defined mass of neuron cell bodies (smaller than a nucleus)

chiasm

X-shaped crossing of nerve fibers between the cerebral hemispheres

Commissure

Group of nerve fibers crossing the sagittal plaane without forming a cross shape

Contralateral

result of crossing at the more or less correspondfing position on the laterally opposite side of the sagittal plane

decussation

where nerve fibers obliquely cross from one lateral part of the brain to the other

ectoderm

where skin and neural tissure arise from

Neural induction

the commitment of extrodermal tissue to neural tissueN

Neurolation

the process of neural tube formation

neuromeres

budding of neural areas occurs in the rostral area which will eventually become the brain

mitosis/proliferation

creation of new cells

migration

cells move to new location

differentiation

specialization of the cell types

aggregation

cluster together with like cell types

synaptogensis

create new synapses

neuron death

“pruning” of unsuccessful nerve cells

synapse rearrangement

modifying synapses`

myelination

formation of myelin sheath around axons

choroid plexus

complex of blood vessels that filters out blood cells to PRODUCE CSF

cORTICAL PLATE

Precursor of layer II-IV of the cerebral cortex

Vertical cleavage

increases the number of precursor cells and stay with in ventricular zone

horizontal cleavage

results in the migration of the superficial cell and another cell that stays within the ventricular zone

myelin

protective, supportive, assistive sheathing that weaps around axons during and after development

Oligodendrocytes and Scwann

Glial cedlls responsible for myelination CNS and pNS

Telecephalon

Week 5 - clear lateral ventricvles, and the appearance of the 3rd ventricle

Mesencephalon

5th week - develops of the aqueduct of the midbrain and the 4th ventricle

Spinal cord

Develops spinal canal

cranium

22 immovable bones, moveable manidble and 3 pairs of auditory ossicles

Neurocranium

bones that form cranial cavity`

Viscerocranium

makes up the features of the face

metopic suture

where the 2 frontal bones connect

coronal suture

where the frontal bone is paired with the 2 parietal bones

sagittal suture

where the 2 parietal bones meet

anterior fontanelle

soft-spot, intersection of coronal and sagittal suture

Anencephaly

Neural tube defect, brain protrudes through defect in cranial vault and is fradually destroyed

Spina bifida

Neural tube defect, affects brain, sspinal cord, and muscles surroundin it, split spine