Drug Use & Abuse Final Exam

True or False? Morphine and codeine are derived from the opium poppy papaver somniferum

True

True of False? in recent years, heroin use has been a rapidly spreading problem in the United States, suggesting that it is becoming an epidemic

False - the numbers have been stable

True of False? Heroin was originally a brand name for diacetylmorphine, manufactured by Bayer laboratories

True

True of False? The majority of the U.S. soldiers who used heroin in Vietnam did so through the intravenous route because the drug was relatively impure

False - heroin was 95% pure in vietnam

True of False? the most popular prescription opioids are hydrocodone and oxycodone

True

True of False? one of the major issues facing physicians today is that patients are not taking enough prescription opioids to manage their pain

False - patients are taking too much

True of False? Combining opioids with sedative can increase the likelihood of respiratory depression

True

True of False? Withdrawal from opioid drugs is often fatal

False - withdrawal is rarely life threatening but there are unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

True of False? Long-term use of opioid drugs has been clearly shown to damage both the liver & brain

False - it effects the gastrointestinal system

What are the beneficial uses of opioids?

pain relief, intestinal disorders, cough suppressants

What two chemicals are extracted from the opium poppy?

morphine & codeine

Why is taking opioids in combination with sedatives not advised?

it can increase the likelihood of respiratory depression

How is it possible that heroin was first sold as a nonaddicting pain reliver?

it was sold as a cough suppressant due to it being more potent yet less harmful

What are some features of the population of opioid users after the Harrison Act was passed till the 1960s

oral use declined, and remaining users were the ones who injected heroin or morphine; heroin use increased in large cities and low-income areas

What is true about opioid fentanyl?

it is used primarily in conjunction with surgical anesthesia

In the second half of the 19th century, three forms of opioid addiction were developing in the United States. The long-useful oral intake of opium, and then morphine, increased greatly as?

patent medicines became a standard for of self-medication

The major medical use for opioids is pain relief, and they have been used to save many lives because of their ability to

treat diarrhea

One concern with street heroin is that a large proportion now contains _____, a potent synthetic opioid that is used medically to treat severe pain

fentanyl

Heroin is more potent than morphine becuase

it more readily coresses the blood-brain barrier

What is a morphine-like neurotransmitter found in the brain and adrenals?

enkephalin

The earliest recorded use of opium as a medicine was probably by

Egyptians, around 1500 BC

Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins are

three classes of endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine

What is true about illicit opioid users during the 1920s?

The general public became less tolerant of people with opioid addictions

True or False? Unlike other psychedelics, salvinorin A acts as a kappa opioid receptor agonist

True

True or False? Many terms have been used for psychedelics. The term entheogen has been used for those drugs thought to create spiritual or religious experiences

True

True or False? The U.S. military experimented with the use of LSD in the mid-twentieth century

True

True or False? Anticholinergic drugs such as trihexyphenidyl (Artane) and benzotropine (Cogentin) have been extensively abused for their delirium-producing properties.

False - they have rarely been abused

True or False? Atropine drugs occupy and activate the acetylcholine receptor site, and their effect is primarily to open muscarinic cholinergic neurons, including the parasympathetic system

False - does not activate

True or False? DMT is normally ineffective when taken orally because it is metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) before reaching the brain

True

True or False? Similar to psilocybin, salvinorin A produces mystical experiences with no adverse effects one month after administration in the laboratory

True

True or False? DOM is about a hundred times as potent as mescaline but only one-thirtieth as potent as LSD

True

True or False? The molecular structures of MDMA, MDA, DOM, and mescaline are similar

True

True or False? The psychedelic effect of psilocybin are quite different from those of LSD and the catechol psychedelic mescaline

False - they have similar effects

Which of the psychedelic plants was most associated with witchcraft?

Atropa Belladonna

Why was LSD used in psychoanalysis in the 1950s and 1960s? How does this relate to its proposed use by the Army and the CIA?

Hundreds of soldiers & civilians were unwittingly administered doses of these drugs. LSD could be used to enhance humans understanding of their place in nature

Describe the early use of LSD in psychotherapy, and discuss why this type of research was stopped in the 1970s

It was stopped because it was unethical, people did not know they were taking it

What are some examples of the use of psychedelic plants or drugs in connection with religious practices?

1. Peyote - was believed to be helpful, along with prayers & modern medicines, in curing illnesses. Also worn in amulets to protect the wearer from harm

2. Datura - associated with he worship of Shiva in India. Been recognized as an ingredient in love potions

3. Salvia Divinorum - translated to “dinner’s sage”

Describe the dependence potential of LSD in terms of tolerance and physical dependence

Large doses tend to lead to more unfavorable reactions. Tolerance develops rapidly, usually within 3 to 4 days if the drug is taken daily on multiple occasions. Physical dependence has not been demonstrated

What is the active agent in the “magic mushrooms” of Mexico, and is it an indole or a catechol?

Active ingredient: Psilocybin

It is an indole psycedelic

Besides hallucinations, mescaline also produces?

pupil dilation and increased pulse rate, and blood pressure

The mold of claviceps purpurea occasionally grows on grain, especially rye, and eating infected grain results in an illness called _____, which can cause headaches, vomiting, diarrhea, and gangrene of the fingers and toes.

ergotism

Psilocybe Mexicana and Psilocybe cubensis are examples of

Psychoactive mushrooms

1-(1-phenulcyclohexyl) piperidine hydrochloride (PCP) was patented as Sernyl and first tested as

a dissociative anesthetic

In a nondrug state, re-experiencing of one or more of the perceptual alterations that occurred during psychedelic intoxication is known as _____

flashback

A drug that was reported to enhance positive mood as well as facilitate open communication by eliminating emotional fear is

MDMA

What refers to a feeling that the boundary separating one’s self from the rest of the world has been abolished?

Ego-dissolution

LSD was synthesized from alkaloids derived from

ergot fungus

Which of the following most accurately describes recent psilocybin research?

the acute effect on mystical experiences

In hunter-gatherer societies, the shaman or medicine man (or woman) was important not only for understanding what we now call medicine, but also because he or she was

a spiritual, or religious leader

True or False? Cannabis sativa is grown primarily for its psychoactive resins

False - effects not resins

True or False? The Marijuana Tax Act, the first federal law regulating cannabis, was passed in 1937

True

True or False? The natural substance found in the body that has marijuana-like effects is called ayahuasca

False - it is called anandamide

True or False? The more rapidly a drugs effects are experienced, the more likely it will be abused

True

True or False? Although regular marijuana smokers often show a slowing of cognitive processing, evidence of negative acute cognitive effects is less dramatic than it is for infrequent users

True

True or False? Dronabinol, THC in a capsule, is legally available for prescription by physicians

True

True or False? Panic reactions can be a common reaction in inexperienced marijuana smokers

True

True or False? Laboratory studies have not been able to document impaired driving performance after smoking marijuana

False - it can impair

What are three effects that marijuana smoking has on cognitive performance in infrequent users directly after administration

1. The amount of time that is required to complete cognitive tasks is increased (slowed cognitive processing)

2. performance on immediate recall task is decreased (disrupted short-term memory)

3. premature responding is increased (disrupted inhibitory control)

What are the approved medical uses for dronabinol, and why do some argue that smoked marijuana needs to be available to cancer patients and others, in addition to (or instead of) oral THC?

Dronabinol was approved by the FDA for two indicatoions

1. nausea & vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy

2. appetite stimulation in patients with AIDS

Hashish refers to

concentrated resin from the cannabis plant

A great number of studies have consistently reported that smoked marijuana and oral THC both produce

increased food intake

Tolerance to the effects of smoked marijuana

it allows experienced marijuana users to obtain euphoric effects with minimal cognitive impairment

In a study of heart rate changed following smoked marijuana with 4 percent THC or 20 mg oral THC, _____

the peak effects were similar, but smoking produced a faster onset of effects

Female cannabis plants that produce flowers but no seeds are referred to as

Sinsemilla

What is the primary psychoactive agent present in the cannabis plant?

Delta-9-tetrahydricannabinol

A chemical isolated from brain tissue that has marijuana-like effects is called

anandamide

In 1985, the FDA approved the sale of dronabinol (marinol), which

is a capsule containing THC

______ is defined as the result produced by a combination of not only cannabinoids but also the terpenes, which are the oils produced by several types of plants

entourage effect

What is true about absorption, distribution, and elimination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) in the human body

when smoked, the peak mood-altering and cardiovascular effects occur together, usually within 5 to 10 minutes

True of False? Mariani’s Coca Wine, which was sold as “wine for athletes,” was an early version of a cola drink containing large amounts of caffeine

False - it contained cocaine

True or False? in the national football league, use of amphetamines by players was banned in 1971

True

True or False? Nootropic drugs decrease cardiovascular activity, which can, at large doses, decrease the likelihood of a heart attack or stroke in healthy individuals

False- they increase cardiovascular activity, which can increase the likelihood of a heart attack

True or False? according to Major League Baseball records of the number of ADHD exemptions granted to players, it would seem that the prevalence of ADHD in baseball is double the prevalence in the general population

True

True or False? One concern about the use of high doses of steroids is increased aggressiveness, known as “roid rage”

True

True or False? We have had scientific evidence of the effectiveness of amphetamines in enhancing athletic performance since 1959

True

True or False? Small amounts of the stimulant caffeine are allowed in most sports

True

True or False? Some beta-2 agonists sold for treating asthma have been used by athletes as “nosteroidal anabolic agents”

True

True or False? When applies to a drug, the word ergogenic means “energy-producing”

True

True or False? Use of substances to enhance performance in athletic competition has been traced back to ancient Egyptians, early Greeks, and the Aztecs

True

True or False? At the highest level of athletic competition (such as the mile run), aphetamines are probably not beneficial as performance enhancers because they only improve performance by %1

False - it can make an important difference. It can be a tiny difference between gold and sixth place

True or False? Stimulants are sometimes used as performance enhancers in academic settings as well as athletic competitions

True

Jeffery is a national-level baseball player. He undergoes seven weeks of spring training and plays more than 150 games in 6 months in a year. This takes a toll on his energy level, and he starts using a performance-enhancing drug to increase alertness and improve focus and attention. What drug does Jeffrey most likely use?

Amphetamine

One widely used legal dietary supplement that has been sown to increase strength is

creatine

The origin of the word “dope” is derived from a Dutch word used in South Africa to refer to

A cheap brandy used to impair the performance of racing horses

What stimulant drugs have been used as performance enhancers in athletic competitions?

Strychnine, cocaine, and caffeine

What is not mentioned as one of the psychological side effects of high doses of steroids?

Memory loss

What nutritional ergogenic aids are the natural building blocks of the protein required to build muscle, and requires a basic minimum intake

Amino Acids

During and after World War II, it was found that malnourished people could gain weight more rapidly if they were treated with

Testosterone

As part of the Steroid Trafficking Act of 1990, anabolic steroids were

Listed as schedule III controlled substances, with limited prescription refills

An ideal body fat range for a healthy male is

8 to 19 percent

Extensive testing of the effects of amphetamines has concluded that they

can improve performance by a few percentage points

What does anabolic mean

promoting constructive metabolism; building tissue. Some examples are increased muscle mass, increased the size of various internal organs, control of the distribution of body fat, increased protein synthesis, and increased calcium in the bones

What does androgenic mean

The effects are masculinizing actions: initial growth of the penis and other male sex glands, deepining of the voice, and increased facial hair are examples

What are 4 stimulant drugs that athletes have used to improve performance?

1. tetrahydrogestrinone

2. caffeine

3. Ephedrine

4. creatine

Why are synthetic cannabinoids appealing?

1. are not detected by conventional urine drug tests

2. Many stimulate cannabinoid receptors in the brain & produce psychological effects similar to those of marijuana

How did the opium wars start?

A drunken American and British soldiers killed a Chinese citizen

Who isolated morphine?

Frederich Serturner

What is opium’s primary active ingredient?

morphine

What is opium’s second active alkaloid?

Codeine

When was codeine isolated?

1832