m3 blood cholesterol

Cholesterol testing kits

the most convenient and effective way to test cholesterol levels and it allows monitoring of such personally

total cholesterol

a part of a whole equation utilized by physicians to determine a patient's risk of a heart attack or stroke in the next ten years

Cholesterol

a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells

liver

cholesterol is produced from the __ and sourced from food such as meat and dairy products.

coronary artery disease (CAD), heart attack or stroke.

too much cholesterol in the blood may lead to higher risk of __

Lipids

are a group of fat and fat-like substances that are important constituents of cells and sources of energy

lipid profile

measures the level of specific lipids in the blood

• total cholesterol

• high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)

• low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)

• triglycerides (TAG)

• Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C)

• Non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non HDL-C)

• Cholesterol-HDL ratio

A typical lipid profile includes:

Total cholesterol

it measures all of the cholesterol in all the lipoprotein molecule

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)

also known as the "good" cholesterol; it removes excess cholesterol and carries it to the liver for removal; it measures the cholesterol in HDL particles only.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)

also known as the "bad" cholesterol; it deposits excess cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels; it calculates the cholesterol in LDL particles only.

Triglycerides (TAG)

it measures all the triglycerides in all the lipoprotein particles (most is in VLDL).

Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C)

it is calculated from triglycerides divided by 5 (if in mg/dL unit), or triglycerides divided by 2 (if in mmol/L unit)

Non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non HDL-C)

it is calculated from total cholesterol minus HDL-C.

Cholesterol-HDL ratio

it is the calculated ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C.

lipoproteins

are lipid-protein particles synthesized in the small intestines and liver that functions to transport hydrophobic lipids such as cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids throughout the body

cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids

Lipoproteins are lipid-protein particles synthesized in the small intestines and liver that functions to transport hydrophobic lipids such as __ throughout the body

• hydrophobic inner core

• hydrophilic phospholipid monolayer (outer core)

structure of lipoprotein

• cholesterol esters

• triglycerides

the inner core of lipoprotein is composed of:

• phospholipid monolayer with embedded free cholesterols

• apolipoproteins

outer layer of lipoprotein is composed of:

polar

lipid are non-polar substances while the transport medium from them which is the blood, is __

Lipoproteins

play a crucial role in the transportation of lipids by making them polar with a lipid and protein combination.

core; periphery

(lipoprotein) The lipid portion is which non-polar is placed in the __and the protein portion which is polar is placed in the __, so that lipoprotein can easily travel in the blood and helps in the transportation of lipids from one place to another.

• chylomicrons

• chylomicron remnants

• Very low-density lipoproteins

• Intermediate density lipoproteins

• Low-density lipoproteins

• High-density lipoproteins

types of lipoproteins

Chylomicrons

carry lipids and cholesterol from the small intestines to adipocytes, cardiac muscles, and skeletal muscles; they are very large particles mainly composed of diet-derived triglycerides than cholesterol.

Chylomicron remnants

are chylomicrons depleted of triglycerides that transports cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver

Very low-density lipoproteins

are secreted by the liver comprising of more triglycerides than cholesterol also; they transport triglycerides from the liver to the peripheral tissues

Intermediate density lipoproteins

are formed from the hydrolysis of triglycerides in VLDL, and are composed of almost same amounts of triglycerides and cholesterol; they transport triglycerides and cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver.

Low-density lipoproteins

are composed of more cholesterol than triglycerides; they formed from the hydrolysis of IDL components; LDL are endocytosed by target cells where they are degraded, releasing cholesterol which decreases further uptake of cholesterol; they transport cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues

High-density lipoproteins

are mainly composed of cholesterol more than triglycerides and are secreted by the intestinal epithelium and the liver; they transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues (such as in atherosclerotic arteries) to the liver by a process known as reverse cholesterol transport, where they are excreted via the bile

reverse cholesterol transport

HDL transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues (such as in atherosclerotic arteries) to the liver by a process known as __, where they are excreted via the bile

healthy

__ lipid levels help to maintain a healthy heart and lower the risk of heart attack or stroke

National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III

provided the guidelines for evaluating lipid levels and determining treatment. (2002)

American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA)

published new guidelines on treatment of cholesterol to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in adults (2013). The latest guidleines include a newly developed evidence-based risk calculator for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) used to identify individuals most likely to benefit from therap

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Hyperlipidemia

It refers to any of several acquired or genetic disorders that result in a high level of lipids (fats, cholesterol and triglycerides) circulating in the blood. These lipids can enter the walls of arteries and increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis, which can lead to stroke, heart attack or the need to amputate.

Atherosclerosis

It is a disease in which plaques builds up inside the arteries.

Plaque

is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood

carotid artery

a main artery that supplies blood to the brain

carotid artery disease

If the plaque builds up along the carotid artery, it is termed as __, which may cause stroke.

Peripheral artery disease

occurs when the plaque forms along the arteries on the legs which supply blood on the lower extremities and the feet.

strong and elastic

Healthy arteries are __. They become narrow between heart beats and help keep the blood pressure consistent

total cholesterol and triglycerides in the plasma

the measurement of the lipid cargo

1. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

2. Bile acid sequestrants

3. Nicotinic acid

4. Fibric acid derivatives

5. Cholesterol absorption inhibitor

6. Protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors

drugs used for the treatment of dyslipidemia

Lovastatin, Pravastatin, Simvastatin, Fluvastatin, Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

Cholestyramine, Colestipol, Colesevelam

Bile acid sequestrants

Niacin (Vitamin B3

Nicotinic acid

Gemfibrozil, Fenofibrate, Clofibrate

Fibric acid derivatives

Ezetimibe

Cholesterol absorption inhibitor

Alirocumab, Evilocumab

Protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors