Bio 11 - Invertebrates + Phyla

Animalia (6)

• Most diverse kingdom

• Splits into Vertebrates + Invertebrates

  • Most Invertebrates = marine animals

• Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• Heterotrophs

• NO CELLS WALLS

Essential Animal Functions (7)

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

• Feeding

• Respiration

• Internal Transport

• Excretion

• Response

• Movement

• Reproduction

Feeding (6)

• Herbivore - Plant-eating

• Carnivore - Animal-eating

• Parasite - Lives inside/attached to other organisms

• Filter Feeder - Strains floating material from water

• Detritus Feeder - Eats decaying matter (detritus)

Respiration (3)

• Cell need O₂

• Small = breathe through skin

• Large = more structure/support

  • Respiratory system

Internal Transport (3)

• Movement of nutrients, O₂ + waste in body

• Small/simple don’t need

  • Uses diffusion or surroundings

  • Simple usually = marine

• Large = pumps + transport vessels

  • Circulatory system

Excretion (3)

• Removal of waste

  • Ex. NH₃

• Small aquatic washes away w/ water

• Large/terrestrial = structures (stores + disposes waste)

  • Excretory system

Response (3)

• Reacts to environment

  • Ex. Predators, Food, Mating

• Sensory cells = nerve cells

• Nerve cells form network

  • Nervous system

  • Complexity varies

Movement (2)

• SESSILE: Non-moving, spends whole adult life in one spot

• Muscles + skeleton → movement

  • Musculoskeletal system

Reproduction (2)

• Sexual OR asexual

  • Some = both

• Some lay eggs

  • DIRECT DEV: Hatchlings look + act like adults

  • INDIRECT DEV: Larvae undergo metamorphosis

Body Structures + Complexity (4)

• Varied complexity

• More complex → organization = more specialized

• SIMPLE: NO special organs

• COMPLEX: Specialized cells, organs + organ systems

Symmetry + Design (5)

• Some animals = symmetrical

  • BILATERAL = one side of body mirrors the other

  • RADIAL - Segments repeat around in a circle

• ANTERIOR = front

• POSTERIOR = back

• DORSAL = top

• VENTRAL = bottom

Heads (5)

• Complex animals = heads

  • More complex = more pronounced

• CELPHALIZATION: Sensory organs + nerve cells = concentrated in anterior

• GANGLIA: Cluster of nerve cells

• BRAIN: Cluster of many complex nerve cells (complex only)

• ONLY BILATERAL

Basic Sponge Info (6)

• Most ancient recorded animal in fossil records

• Phylum: Porifera

• Presumed to be plants but no cell wall

• Evolutionary dead end

• No mouth/gut, specialized tissues/organs

• Evolved separately from other multicellulars

Sponge Structure (5) (3)

WATER CYCLE

1. PORE CELL (entrance)

• H₂O enters through pores

2. COLLAR CELLS (pump)

• Flagella moves H₂O through pores → Central cavity

3. CENTRAL CAVITY (container)

• Empty space/cavity

  • Filled w/ H₂O

4. OSCULUM (exit)

• Large hole at top

• H₂O leaves central cavity from here

OTHER TRAITS

EPIDEMAL CELL

• External cells responsible for structure

AMEBOCYTE

• Cells build skeleton

  • Hard or soft

• Inside “wall” of sponge

• Makes spicules + spongin

  • Gives them different structures

  • Most have a variety of both

  • SPICULES

    • Thin, spiny + delicate

    • Hard proteins

    • Makes patterns (lace)

  • SPONGIN

    • Soft + strong

Sponge Feeding (3)

• Filter feeders

  • H₂O carries food though sponge

    • Sticks to collar cells

• Food from collar cell → amoebocytes → other cells

• Digestion = intracellular ( inside cells)

Sponge + Water (1)

• H₂O = Respiratory, excretory + internal transport

  • Brings O₂, takes CO₂

  • Washes away waste from cellular respiration

Sponge Reproduction (2)

ASEXUAL

• Budding

  • Part of sponge detaches + regrows

SEXUAL

• Broadcast spawning

  • Sperm and/or eggs in water → amebocytes covered in spicules

Weird Sponge Facts (2)

• 10×1 cm diameter sponges pump 22.5L H₂O in a day

• Can regenerate

  • Survives being ground up + filtered

  • Placed in water = new sponges

Sponge’s Impact on Ecosystem (2)

• Habitat for other marine species

• Cleans environment → Boring sponges releases chem.

  • Drills through old shells + coral