TEAS- Anatomy and Physiology

digestive system

comprised of the mouth stomach intestines. uses enzymes to break down foot that we eat to release it into bloodstream and absorbed into cells. rids body of undigested food that don't enter bloodstream in stool.

respiratory system

nose mouth trachea lungs. gas exchange and pH regulation. removes CO2 from blood and exchanges for O2

circulatory system

made up of heart blood vessels lymphatics blood cells. internal transport, pH maintenance temperature stability. delivers nutrition and oxygen to cells and carries waste products and CO2 away from cells.

immune system

defense system protects from foreign substances or particles when exposed. white blood cells and lymph nodes. maintains homeostasis.

excretory system

enables disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of salt, fluids and electrolytes. allows waste removal from bloodstream via liver kidneys and urinary bladder skin and lungs.

integumentary system

skin- protects organs. defense skin doesnt allow foreign bodies in. skin makes vitamin D and assists in excretion.

musculoskeletal system

hips, spinal column, deltoids quadriceps. protects movement support and shape. supports production of blood and serves as storage sites for some minerals. muscle allow movement strength posture and heat production. muscles work together to move the body.

nervous system

brain spinal cord and nerves. integrates body function through nerves detects stimuli secretes chemicals and electrical signals and controls other organ systems.

endocrine system

hypothalamus pituitary glands adrenal glands pancreas and gonads. Integrates body through chemicals hormones. cells use hormones to communicate with each other. hormones are needed to maintain homeostasis.

reproductive system

scrotum testes prostate gland vas degerens and penis (male) ovaries fallopian tubes uterus cervix vagina (female) provides mechanisms for internal fertilization and production of new offspring.

phylum chordata

1. urochordatea

2. cephalochordata

3. vertebrata (humans, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals)

vertebrata

humans are this because unlike the urochordates and cephalochordates we have a column of bones (backbone) and a tube within a tube construction (vertebrata have an outer tube formed by a body wall and inner tube in the digestive tract. Humans have bilateral symmetry that is. the left side of body is a mirror image of the right side.

anatomical position

human body is standing postion with palms facing forward. When prone human body is postion posteriorly so you have back side view.

superior

toward head end of the body. EX: chin is superior to the shoulder.

Inferior

means below or away from head of body. EX: the belly button is inferior to the nose

Anterior

near the front of the body EX: nose is anterior to the buttocks.

Posterior

mean near the back of the body EX: the heart is posterior to the ribs

medial

closest to the midline of body EX: the big toe is medial to the little toe

lateral

further away from midline of body EX: appendix is lateral to the stomach.

proximal

toward nearest point of origin of a part,EX: the wrist is proximal to the digitals.

distal

away from point of origin of a part. EX: finger nail is distal to the phalange.

superficial

toward the surface of body EX: the ribs are superficial to the heart

deep

away from surface of body EX: the brain is deep to the skull

dorsal

refers to the back

vertral

refers to teh abdominal area

dorsal cavity

contains cranial and spinal parts

ventral cavity

largest cavity in the body filling the entire front section of the body has thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity.

thoracic

within this cavity are the left and right pleural cavities which contain the lungs and the pericardinal cavity (encases the heart)

abdominopelvic cavity

contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.

serous membranes

such as the peritoneum coat and form cavities within the body.

mucous membranes

surround cavities that lead outside the body such as the respiratory and digestive tracts.

transverse

represent horizontal

longitudinal

represents vertical (up and down)

alimentary canal

long muscular tube beginning in the mouth and ending at the anus

accessory organs

salivary glands liver pancreas and gall bladder

ingestion

process by which food enters the mouth or oral cavity where saliva and amylase. food is further chewed broken down and swallowed

amylase

helps digest starch a carbohydrate.

peristalis

series of rhythmic wavelike contraction of the esophagus that pushes the food down the stomach to further breakdown.

reverse peristalis

occurs when someone pukes. the vomit is called emesis

digestion

mechanical and chemical process that breaks down foods.

pyloris

thick muscular save that temporality stores ingest food partially digests proteins and kills bacteria due to its acidity pH 1-2.

gastrin

stimulates stomach cells to produce gastric juice.

hydrochloric acid

when this is secreted it lowers the pH of the stomach and coverts pepsinogen into pepsin which digestion proteins.

chyme

once foods brooken down with churning its called this. when this enters the small intestine it meets bile and mixes with the many enzymes that are secreted by the pancreas.

secretion

release of enzymes or hormones and bile into the digestive tract

chloecytokinin

hormone that stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and the release of bile.

small intestine

site of the most digestion of proteins and carbs and absorption.

bile

stored and secreted by the liver and gall bladder. it emulsify fat.

pancreas

further breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol carbs into disaccharides and nucleic acids into nucleotides

secretin

hormone stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate a base to help neutralize the acid from the stomach so that the stomach doesn't digest itself as the food moves from the pylorus to the duodenum in route to the small intestine and beyond. The p in the intestines is close to neutral

absorption

movement of food molecules form the digestive tract into the blood.

villi

nutrient molecules are absorbed into the blood by tiny fingerlike intestinal projection. each is a capillary that absorbs the digested food into the bloodstream and transports it directly to the liver for processing. also have lymphatic vessels called lacteals which absorb fatty acids.

pernicious anemia

if digested food cannot be absorbed. this is fatal unless the person is receiving regular supplemental vitamin B12 injection.

heoatic portal system

designed to deliver nutrient from the intestinal tract to the liver

defecation

elimination of waste from large intestines.

large intestine

reabsorbs water and salts. harvest and house harmless bacteria that break down undigested food and provides us with vitamins like K (clotting) left overs are moved into the rectum where it is wait to be shitted out.

pepsin

*made in gastric glands

*function site stomach

*function is to hydrolyze specific peptide bonds

trypsin

*made in the pancreas

*function site is small intestine

*function is to hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds, activate other zymogen proteases

chymotrypsin

*made in the pancreas

*function site is small intestine

*function is to hydrolyze specific peptide bonds

carboxypeptidase

*made in the pancreas

*function site is small intestine

*function is to hydrolyze terminal peptide bond at carboxyl

aminopeptidase

*made in intestinal glands

*function site is small intestines

*function is to hydrolyze terminal end peptide bond at amino

depeptidases

*made in the intestinal glands

*function site is small intestines

*function is to hydrolyzes pairs end of amino acids

enterokinase

*made in intestinal glands

*function site is small intestines

*function is to convert trypsinogen to trypsin

brochiolities

inflammation or infection of the bronchioles in children

bronchitis

inflammation or infection in adults bronchioles

aveoli

the little tiny says where gas exchange occurs. operate like balloons and increase the surface area of the lung to about the size of a tennis court. filled with surfactant

surfactant

substance that decreases surface tension and keep walls of air sac from sticking together. permits the sac to expand and fill with air.

remember

room air is 25% oxygen and when we breath we utilize 5% of the oxygen. when we exhale we get rid of CO2 and remaining unused portion of O2.

apnea

absence of breathing

read

when we breathe our diaphragm and intercostales muscles contract and our rib cages expand.

inspiration

process of taking in oxygen

expiration

when we breathe out and let carbon dioxide out of our lungs

baroreceptors/chemoreceptors

controls our respiratory rate that are sensors located in our blood vessels.

chemoreceptros

when our blood pH decreases this will send nerve impulses tot eh diaphragm and intercostals to increase our respiratory rate.

respiratory alkalosis

oxygen is a base or basic to much oxygen causes

respiratory

CO2 is an acid or acidic to much CO2 causes this

oxygen and CO2 transport

oxygen is transported through the body by the iron contain protein hemoglobin found in red blood cells (97%). a small amount of oxygen (3%) is dissolved in the plasma. CO2 can travel our of the lungs through exhalation or it may combine with blood cells and water to form bicarbonate ions which is a buffer.

circulatory system

designed to move blood and material around the body. this transports oxygen, carbon dioxide glucose, hormones, waste products, lipids, and more. it is a pump (the hear) and network of blood vessels and fluid. has pulmonary and systemic circulation

lymphatic system

filters out extra fluids from the cells removed harmful products and disease and prevents waste from returning to the blood for recirculation

lymph nodes

concentrated areas of white blood cells. when fluids pass through this on they way back to the veins its fluid is exposed to wbc and designed to help prevention infection.

lymphatic vessels

similar to veins in that why have low pressure and do not have muscles but contain valves the fluid inside lymphatic vessels is called lymph.

heart

strong muscles that has four chambers

1. right atrium

2. right ventricle

3. left atrium

4. left ventricle

septum

separates the left and right sides

valves

separates atria and ventricles

Fibrous pericardium and pariental serous pericardium

the sac that goes around the heart is called the pericardial sac and it has two layers.

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

the heart muscle itself has three layers

endocarditis

infection or inflammation in the endocardial layer of the heart

myocardium

layer of the heart which a heart attack happens.

coronary arteries

vessels that feed and nourish the heart muscle with oxygen rich blood.

ischemia

decreased oxygen supply

angina (chest pain)

ischemia causes this and ultimatey myocardinal cell death.

artery

any vessel that carries blood away from the heart

have higher pressure and muscular walls can regulate blood flow and DO NOT have valves

vein

any vessel that returns blood to the heart

have lower pressure and no muscle are passive receiver and DO have valves.

capillaries

arteries branch into small and smaller vessels ultimately coming this.

site of exchange between blood and tissues

merge into larger and larger vessels called veins.

cardiac cycle

approximately 0.8 seconds long and heart beats approximately 72-75 times per minute.

myocardium

specialized cardiac cells act like nerve tissues because they are able to trasmit electrical impulses quickly.

four components to the conduction system of the heart

1. sinoatrial node

2. atrioventricular node

3. atrioventricular bundle.

4. perkinje fibers

Heart contraction

impulse to beat starts at the SA node the impulse goes to the AV node. It enters the ventricular system and follows a path of His and Perkinje fibers on both ventricular walls. ventricles then contact. during contraction blood is forced out through the systemic circulation and perfuses the entire body with oxygenated blood.

systole

phase of a heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts

diastole

phase when the heart relaxes