APUSH P5 ID Terms

secession

Verbatim: The action of withdrawing formally from membership in a federation or body, especially a political state

compulsory

Verbatim: Required by law or a rule; obligatory

reconstruction

Historically: The period (1865-1877) following the Civil War, during which the U.S. attempted to reintegrate the Confederate states into the Union, rebuild the South's economy, and address the status and rights of freed African Americans.

Ulysses S. Grant

Historically: Union general during the Civil War and 18th President of the United States (1869–1877), Grant worked to stabilize the post-war nation, enforce Reconstruction policies, and combat the Ku Klux Klan.

(Best Union general.)

Robert E. Lee

Historically: Confederate general who led the Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War; he surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865, marking the end of the war.

(Best Confederate general.)

Thaddeus Stevens

Historically: A Radical Republican leader in Congress who strongly advocated for the abolition of slavery, harsh Reconstruction policies, and civil rights for freed African Americans.

Charles Sumner

Historically: A leading Radical Republican senator who fought for civil rights for African Americans, Sumner famously co-sponsored the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and was a staunch opponent of slavery.

(Sumner-Brooks)

Harriet Tubman

Historically: An abolitionist and former enslaved woman who became a leading conductor on the Underground Railroad, helping hundreds of enslaved people escape to freedom.

Clara Barton

Historically: A nurse during the Civil War who later founded the American Red Cross, Barton is remembered for her humanitarian work and support for soldiers on the battlefield.

repudiate

Verbatim: Refuse to accept or be associated with; deny the truth or validity of

intransigence

Verbatim: Refusal to change one's views or to agree about something

Hiram Revels

Historically: The first African American U.S. Senator, elected in 1870 to represent Mississippi during Reconstruction, symbolizing a brief period of Black political advancement in America.

scalawag

Historically: A derogatory term for Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party after the Civil War, often viewed as traitors by other Southerners.

carpetbagger

Historically: A term used to describe Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction to seek economic or political opportunities, often accused of exploiting the region.

recalcitrance

Verbatim: Having an obstinately uncooperative attitude toward authority or discipline

malfeasance

Verbatim: Wrongdoing, especially by a public official

Thirteenth Amendment

Historically: Ratified in 1865, it abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, except as punishment for a crime.

Fourteenth Amendment

Historically: Ratified in 1868, it granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and guaranteed equal protection under the laws, addressing issues of civil rights post-Civil War.

Fifteenth Amendment

Historically: Ratified in 1870, it prohibited states from denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude, aiming to protect African American suffrage.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Historically: A law that declared all persons born in the U.S. (except Native Americans) were citizens, providing them equal protection under the law and aimed at countering Black Codes in the South.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Historically: A federal law that aimed to outlaw racial discrimination in public accommodations and facilities, though it was later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883.

black codes

Historically: Laws passed in Southern states after the Civil War to restrict African Americans' freedom, forcing them into labor contracts and denying them basic civil rights.

Slaughterhouse cases

Historically: A series of Supreme Court cases (1873) that limited the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment by ruling that it only protected federal, not state, citizenship rights, undermining Reconstruction efforts.

Enforcement Act of 1871

Historically: Also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act, it gave the federal government the authority to combat the KKK and protect African Americans' voting and civil rights through military force if necessary.

predicament

Verbatim: A difficult, unpleasant, or embarrassing situation

peril

Verbatim: Serious and immediate danger

Freedmen’s Bureau

Historically: A federal agency established in 1865 to aid freed slaves and poor whites in the South during Reconstruction, providing food, housing, education, and legal assistance.

Stephen Douglas

Historically: A Democratic senator and presidential candidate who promoted popular sovereignty and authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which exacerbated sectional tensions before the Civil War.

partition

Verbatim: The action or state of dividing or being divided into parts

John Brown

Historically: A radical abolitionist who led violent anti-slavery uprisings, including the 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, aiming to incite a slave rebellion.

subjugate

Verbatim: Bring under domination or control, especially by conquest

thwart

Verbatim: Prevent (someone) from accomplishing something

segregate

Verbatim: Set apart from the rest or from each other; isolate or divide

Jim Crow

Historically: A system of racial segregation laws and customs in the Southern United States, enforced after Reconstruction until the mid-20th century, to disenfranchise and oppress African Americans.

Military Reconstruction Act

Historically: A series of laws passed in 1867 that divided the South into five military districts, placed under Union control, to enforce Reconstruction policies and ensure rights for freedmen.