AP Euro Unit 1 Renaissance and Reformation

Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?

• Europeans still looked to Rome for cultural and intellectual guidance

• Italy was a center for trade

• The Church’s wealth and power were based in Italy

During the Renaissance’s beginning, where did Europeans look to for cultural and intellectual guidance?

Rome.

What did Italian merchants in the Middle Ages value?

Education and showing their wealth through art.

Where was the Renaissance centered?

Florence.

Where did the Medicis live?

Florence.

Why was banking taken from the Jews?

It had become too profitable and important in the economy for Florence to leave to the Jews. Antisemitism.

What was secularism?

• A focus on the secular (non-religious or worldly) rather than the religious

• Focus on enjoying life instead of getting to Heaven

What was individualism?

• New emphasis on individual achievement

• An individual should be free to think, speak, and act for himself

• Openness on experimentation

What was humanism?

• The idea that rational thought is superior to unquestioning faith

• Led to a renewed interest in education with a heavy focus on the humanities (history, philosophy, and literature)

• Revival of the classical learning of the Greeks and Romans

What were the humanities?

History, philosophy, and literature.

What was civic humanism?

Application of humanism to civil service. Created by Machiavelli.

What was Christian humanism?

Application of humanism to one’s own religious traditions; we are created in God’s image. Created by Erasmus.

What was scientific naturalism?

Close observation of the natural world (geometry, space, and anatomy).

What did humanists study?

Greek and Roman artistic forms.

How did humanist artists portray religious figures?

In a realistic, human way.

Who did humanist artists portray in their art?

Religious figures, rich and famous people of the time.

What architecture did humanist artists like and dislike?

Liked Classical Greek forms, rejected medieval Gothic architecture.

What were some characteristics of humanist art?

• Portrayed religious, famous, or rich people

• Used perspective and realism

• Focused on small details

• Classical Greek architecture

What were the differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissance?

Northern:

• Christian/religious way of thinking

• Portrayed peasants in art

• Thinkers sought out early Christian writings as well as Greek and Roman writings

• Christian humanism

Italian

• Secular

• Elitist themes in art

What did Machiavelli think of hereditary rule?

Hereditary rule is for losers who can’t maintain power on their own.

What does “Machiavellian” mean?

Ruthless or conniving.

What did Machiavelli think of the use of force and fear?

• Force and fear are necessary

• Nice rulers are weak and will not maintain peace

• Moral concepts don’t apply to political actions

Who was Machiavelli?

A failed politician and diplomat who became a writer. Often considered the father of modern and political science.

Who were the Medicis?

• Powerful banking family in Florence

• Prominent in politics and the Catholic Church

What was Machiavelli’s relation to Cesare Borgia?

They met while Machiavelli was working for the Medicis. Cesare’s style of rule was Machiavelli’s inspiration for The Prince.

What is the goal of a politician, according to Machiavelli? What do citizens need from their politicians?

A good politician is someone who knows how to defend, enrich, and bring honor to the state. Citizens most need effectiveness from their politicians.

What was happening in Florence during Machiavelli’s time?

• 1469

• The Medici family was expelled at the time

• Machiavelli was tortured and exiled when the Medicis came back to power

What is criminal virtue?

The necessary ability of leaders to be cruel in the name of the state but still kind enough not to be overthrown.

What was the Holy Roman Empire during the Renaissance?

• 300 semi-autonomous German states

• Each state had princes called electors who converted to Protestantism to piss of the Emperor and Church

• The Emperor did not have absolute control

• The Hapsburg family was the most powerful ruling family

When did Charles V (Hapsburg) reign?

1519 - 1556.

What ended the Renaissance in Italy?

Charles V’s armies sacking Rome in 1527.

What were the Hapsburg-Valois Wars?

Hapsburg v. Valois (branch of the French royal family) for control of territories in Italy and dominance in Europe.

What were the long-term problems of the Catholic Church that led to the Protestant Reformation?

• Growth in power of secular kings caused a decrease in the Pope’s power

• Church service seemed “empty”

• Fiscal (money) crisis within the church over expenses incurred building St. Peter’s, painting the Sistine Chapel, etc.

• Illiteracy among the peasants and clergy

• Low quality clergy

What were some abuses of the Catholic Church that led to the Protestant Reformation?

• Simony: the sale of church positions

• Dispensations: payments that let people get a break from obeying church laws

• Incelibacy

• Nepotism: Church positions controlled by family inheritance

• Indulgences: sold to lessen time in purgatory

Who were Jan Hus and John Wycliffe?

From Germany and England. Both tried to create churches separate from the Catholic Church.

Who was Johannes Gutenberg?

Popularized the printing press.

Who was Martin Luther?

• Priest and professor of theology in Germany

• Wrote the 95 Theses

• Creator of Lutheranism

What was the 95 Theses?

• What Luther tacked to the Church door that sparked debate over the Catholic Church’s authority

• Was meant to propose academic discussion

• Challenged the sale of indulgences

What was the Diet of Worms?

• Where the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declared Luther an outlaw

• Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X

• German nobility presented Charles V with a list of church burdens and abuses

What were the tenants of Lutheranism?

• Sola fide, sola scriptura

• Only need the Baptism and Eucharist

• Eucharist is only a reenactment of the Last Supper

• Clergy should be allowed to marry

• Services in the local language revolving around a sermon

• Good works expected

• Private prayer life

• Education for all

• No indulgences, prayers to saints, pilgrimages or confession

Who was Ulrich Zwigli?

• 1484-1531

• The leader of the Swiss Reformation

• Executed due to the Protestant Reformation

Where was the center of Swiss reform?

Zurich.

What were the Swiss Civil Wars?

Protestants vs. Catholics.

Why did the Reformation flourish in Germany?

It lacked political unity.

What were some aspects of Geneva in the 1540s?

• A Calvinist theocracy created by John Calvin

• Swearing, laughing in church, and fighting resulted in major fines or worse

What religions is Calvinism similar to?

Puritan and Presbyterian.

Who helped Calvinism catch on?

John Knox.

What was Calvinism?

Lutheranism + predestination. Calvinists lived saintly lives to prove that they were among those that God had selected.

Who were Charles V’s grandparents?

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.

What was the outcome of Charles V’s showdown with Luther?

Luther became more popular.

What was the German Peasants’ Revolt?

• Serfs revolted against landlords, believing Luther would support their cause

• Longest revolution in Europe prior to the French Revolution

What were the consequences of the German Peasants’ Revolt?

• The authority of the German nobility strengthened

• Lutheranism allied to and controlled by German nobility

What was the Peace of Augsberg?

• Each German prince chose a religion for their realm

• Permanent division of Christendom

Describe Henry VIII’s relationship with Catherin of Spain.

Catherin was Henrys’ brother’s wife, but he died. The Church had to grant Henry a dispensation so that he and Catherine could marry. They only had one daughter, Mary Tudor. Then Henry wanted a divorce so that he could remarry and try to have a son with someone else.

What was the Act of Supremacy of 1543?

Made Henry VIII the only supreme head of the Church of England.

Who was Thomas Cranmer?

• Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VIII

• Wrote the Book of Common Prayer

• Annulled Henry’s marriage to Catherine

Who did Henry VIII execute?

Catholics who opposed him, Anne Boleyn.

Who were Elizabeth’s parents?

Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII.

Why was Anne Boleyn executed?

Henry’s advisors created rumors that Elizabeth was the result of incest between Anne and her brother.

What were the pros of Henry VIII?

• He was a big patron of the arts

• His actions could be justified with the fact that he did need to secure a male heir

What were the cons of Henry VIII?

• He had multiple wives executed

• Drained the treasury

• His decisions led to wars and religious conflicts

Who was Thomas More?

• Lawyer, philosopher, politician

• Chancellor of the Exchequer

• Refused to take the Oath of Supremacy

• Executed and then recognized as a martyr in the Catholic Church

• Patron saint of politicians and lawyers today

What was the Chancellor of the Exchequer?

The position of most importance in England instead of the prime minister in Henry VIII’s time. Handled England’s finances.

What was the Anglican Church?

• The New Church of England

• Recognized most Protestant doctrines and kept many Catholic custos

• Used the English Bible

What law does Thomas More say Henry violated?

He violated the king’s coronation oath and the Magna Carta by interfering with the Church.

What was the Council of Trent?

• Called by Pope Paul III in 1545

• Reaffirmed some Catholic values: tradition and scripture as sources of truth; faith and good works necessary for salvation

• Penalized corruption and worldliness among the clergy

• In other words, the Catholic Church looked to see where Luther was making a good point and where he was wrong

Who was St. Ignatius of Loyola?

• 1491-1556

• A Spanish soldier wounded in battle

• Arrogant

• Experienced a conversion to Catholicism and began the Jesuit Order

Who began the Jesuit Order?

Francis Xavier, Peter Farber, and St. Ignatius of Loyola.

What was the Jesuit Order?

Strict order, made to combat Protestantism around the world.

Who was St. Teresa of Avila?

• Most famous woman scholar of the Catholic Church

• Author, mystic, and nun who worked to reform Spanish convents and monasteries

• “Doctor of the Church”

What was the longer impact of the counter reformation?

• Greater clarity in regards to doctrine

• New orders established

• Spread of ideas and philosophy in writing

• Greater importance placed on communion

• Emergence of Baroque Art

Michelangelo

1500s. A Renaissance artist from Florence. He grew up in the court of Lorenzo Medici. He came from an artisanal background, and didn’t grow up very wealthy. He painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel under the Pope’s command. He complained about the Pope being so overbearing, but it didn’t matter. Also created David and Last Judgment.

Raphael Sanzio

1483-1520 in Florence. A famous painter. At one point, he was the most sought after artist in Europe. He worked with many people to paint portraits and devotional images. He wrote treatises on the philosophies of art (nature, design, and proportion).

Filippo Brunelleschi

1377-1446. An architect who built a hospital that was special because everything was designed to be proportional to achieve balance and harmony. He also built the dome on the cathedral of France. One of the first to use proportions in industrial architecture.

Predestination

John Calvin came up with the idea, along with St. Augustine and St. Paul. The idea that God has predestined each person for Heaven or Hell, and you can’t do anything to change that. An idea of many Protestant religions.

Book of Common Prayer

1549. Written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. Defined all English mass services very specifically.

Patronage

Wealthy merchants and politicians paid artist to create what the patron wanted and influence the popular art of the time.

Friar Girolamo Savonarola

1400s. A Dominican friar who eventually came to rule Florence for a short period of time. He believed Florence would be punished by God for the corruption within and the French invasion was the fulfillment of that. He made everyone start living by a strict moral code.

Petrarch

1300s. A Florentine poet and scholar. Invented the idea of humanism, which is focused on appreciating Ancient Roman and Greek works, as well as the capability of humans.