Hist 1302 - Unit 4

Opponent of John F. Kennedy in 1960 presidential election

VP Richard Nixon

Kennedy's plans to ease poverty

$2 billion urban renewal program, job training, tax cuts, incentives for businesses to move to poor areas

Part of the Great Society's efforts to end racial and other forms of discrimination

Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Immigration and Nationality Act 1965

Lyndon Johnson's Great Society efforts to declare 'war on poverty'

Economic Opportunity Act; Head Start, work-study grants, Job Corps, Volunteers in Service to America, Community Action Program, Medicare, Medicaid

Baker v. Carr

1 person, 1 vote for state legislatures and House of Reps

Loving v. Virginia

Interracial marriage

Griswold v. Connecticut

Privacy in birth control

Warren Court decisions

States, not just feds were bound by Bill of Rights

Reactions to the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

Often assaulted and imprisoned during nonviolent protests

Goals of the 'black power' movement

Black control over their own communities, violence against violence

Prominent spokesman of the black power movement

Malcolm X

Black Panther Party

Self-determination

Goals and tactics of the American Indian Movement

Attack problems faced by Natives in urban areas, protect from police harassment, antipoverty $, culture

Leadership in the Chicano civil rights movement

Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, United Farm Workers, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Objectives of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Mobilize 'New Left' for civil rights & universal economic security

Turning point of the gay rights movement of the 1960s

Stonewall riots

Book that sparked the modern environmental movement

Silent Spring by biologist Rachel Carson

Goals of the National Organization for Women (NOW)

Equal opportunity in male-dominated places, support ratification of Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution

Concerns of the Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)

Counterpart to radical left student groups, fears of moral decline and rapid social change, oppose federal government interference, individual rights, 'law and order'

Watergate scandal

Resulted in legislative reforms.

Bay of Pigs invasion

Anti-Castro exiles armed by CIA, fell to Castro's forces; Humiliated US.

Berlin Crisis response

Add $$ to army budget, doubled nukes and ICBMs.

Cuban Missile Crisis outcomes

Kennedy and Krushchev negotiate: Soviets remove missiles and US promise to not invade Cuba and remove missiles in Turkey.

Vietnam problems in 1963

South Vietnam rebels, US gov base doing poorly.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Authorized President Lyndon Johnson to expand the conflict in Vietnam; unlimited authority.

Demographic composition of U.S. military in Vietnam

18-21, poor working class men.

Johnson administration's efforts in Vietnam

Opposition to war equated to communism and assisting the enemy.

Tet Offensive results

Viet attacks on major cities and American bases; Psychological devastation to US; reality that US wasn't winning; 'credibility gap.'

1968 presidential election candidates

Democratic Hubert H. Humphrey: LBJ policy on war; Republican Richard M. Nixon: anti-communism, no ways to achieve end to war; American Independent George C. Wallace: segregation.

Democrats' loss of southern vote in 1968

LBJ Liberal policies on race.

Nixon's policy of détente

Not abandoning containment, but focusing on common issues between US-Soviet for stability.

Nixon's Vietnam War strategy

Vietnamization; try to expand South Vietnam military & gradually reduced US presence; Replace US forces with bombing.

Congress' reaction to Cambodia invasion

Deepening concern of abuse of presidential power; End Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, pull all troops out of Cambodia.

Impact of Vietnam War on American society

Public investigations of war crimes, publish Pentagon Papers; My Lai massacre.

Busing

Transfer of students to schools in white and Black neighborhoods; White middle class distraught.

Watergate Scandal involvement

5 men working for Nixon's reelection broke into the Watergate complex, Dem Party HQ.

Outcomes of Watergate controversy

Nixon accept responsibility, but deny any knowledge of burglary; Misuse of federal funds and tax evasion; Nixon resigned to avoid impeachment.

Jimmy Carter's appeal in 1976 election

Born again Christian, distance from government.

Carter's human rights policy

Made government more diverse; Refused aid to nations that deny basic human rights.

Carter's foreign affairs successes and failures

Failures: no sanction against repressive governments in Iran, etc.

Success

Panama Canal returned, Camp David accords (negotiate w/ Egypt and Israel)

Economic sanctions

Sanctions on Soviets in Afghanistan

Carter Doctrine

Prevent outsiders from gaining control of the Persian Gulf

Iran hostage crisis

A diplomatic crisis where 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days.

New Right

A political movement led by conservative presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush in the 1980s.

Culture wars

The ideological and cultural polarization in the U.S. as the new millennium approached.

Supply-side economics

Theory intended to stimulate economic growth by lowering taxes to increase revenue.

Trickle-down economics

Economic policies that resulted in greater economic inequality and allowed the rich to control wealth.

Reagan Era Supreme Court

The Court became more conservative, allowing states to restrict rights.

First woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court

Sandra Day O'Connor; moderate conservative.

Growth of gay rights activism

Motivated by the AIDS crisis, focusing on education and healthcare.

Reagan's foreign and military affairs

Characterized by arms buildup and assisting foreign anti-left movements.

Glasnost

Promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, it emphasized freedom of expression.

End of the Cold War

Brought about by events such as the INF agreement to eliminate weapons.

U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf War

Circumstances included U.S. officials assisting the Iraqi dictator and Bush organizing war after UN withdrawal expired.

1992 presidential campaign

Bill Clinton won and rid Democrats of their liberal image.

Clinton's major policy initiatives

Included FMLA for unpaid leave, Violence Against Women Act of 1994, and Earned Income Tax Credit.

Culture wars of the 1990s

Conflict between liberals and conservatives on social issues and changing American family.

Clinton's impeachment

Clinton sexual relations with intern

Controversial presidential election of 2000

Machine errors and confusing ballots

Bush v Gore

Recounts

Legislative actions post-September 11, 2001

Global alliance against terrorism

NATO actions after 9/11

US and Britain bomb Afghanistan

Doctrine of pre-emption

If weak countries could strike the US, the nation had to be ready

International law and war

US had right to start a war is against international law

Iraq War actions

US bombing/looting in Iraq War

Bush's fiscal policies

Tax cuts, privatization of Social Security

Impact of Bush's policies

Heavily favored for the rich

No Child Left Behind Act

Set national standards for education

Obama's domestic achievement

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Tea Party movement

Billionaire conservatives, right-wing media, government overreaching

Obama's Supreme Court nomination

Merick Garland; conservative congressional leadership pushed back

Trump's pledge of MAGA

White conservatives vs immigration & unemployment

Social movements during Trump

Black Lives Matter, #MeToo, labor unions

COVID-19 pandemic

Worldwide health crisis that dramatically altered life in the U.S.

Trump's second impeachment

No peaceful transfer of power, US Capitol riot, attacks on democratic institutions

Biden's progressive reforms

Fighting Covid-19, major infrastructure bill, systemic housing racism, Roe v Wade, Paris Climate Agreement, withdraw US in Afghanistan, cybersecurity