Lecture 7 – Drawing Structures and Functional Groups Overview

These flashcards cover key terminology and concepts discussed in Lecture 7 regarding organic chemistry structures and functional groups.

Organic atoms

The six main elements found in organic molecules: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur (CHNOPS).

Skeletal structures

A simplified representation of a molecule that omits certain atoms while emphasizing bonds between the rest, particularly used to depict larger organic molecules.

Functional groups

Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

Hydrocarbon

Organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon, such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

Alcohols

A type of functional group that contains a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon.

Alkane

A functional group characterized by only carbon-carbon single bonds.

Alkene

A functional group that includes at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Amino group

A functional group composed of nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms (-NH2), commonly found in amines and amino acids.

Carbonyl group

A functional group characterized by a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O), found in aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxylic acid

A functional group containing a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group, generally represented as -COOH.

Thiol

A functional group featuring a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH), analogous to alcohol but with sulfur.

Ethers

Compounds that contain an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups (R-O-R').

Amines

Organic compounds and functional groups containing a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.

Esters

Derived from carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkoxy group (-O-R).

Phosphates

Functional groups derived from phosphoric acid, which can contain multiple oxygen atoms and have various protonation states.

R-group

A variable portion of a molecule that represents any alkyl or functional group attached to a main structure.

Acid anhydride

A compound formed from the condensation of two carboxylic acids, typically characterized by two acyl groups.

Glycol

A molecule containing two hydroxyl groups (-OH) connected to different carbon atoms.