1.10 The Reformation

Why were people dissatisfied with Church ritual during the Reformation?

It had Latin overtones and felt disconnected from everyday concerns

What did Humanism emphasize during the Reformation?

Man’s needs and concerns

What invention allowed mass communication during the Reformation?

The printing press

What was the significance of Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses?

Catalyst in starting the Reformation

What system did Lutheranism allow for?

State church system controlled by individual German princes

What did Calvinism make into an international movement?

Protestantism

What kind of movement did Calvinism become?

Revolutionary anti-Catholic movement

What marked the beginning of the English Reformation?

The Act of Supremacy (1534)

Who became the head of the Church during the English Reformation?

The king of England

What event initiated the break from the Catholic Church in England?

The pope’s refusal to annul Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon

What did Elizabeth I firmly establish in England?

Protestantism and the Anglican Church

What was the Counter Reformation also known as?

The Catholic Reformation

Who were the official Catholic response to the Reformation?

The Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

What is the significance of the Council of Trent?

Began the counter-Reformation movement. Clarified the doctrines of Catholicism and reinforced papal authority.

What replaced medieval political unity in Europe?

The spirit of modern nationalism

Whose authority was strengthened after the Reformation?

The state's

Which class was strengthened during and after the Reformation?

The middle class

What did Calvinism give capitalism?

Its psychological base

What institution dominated European civilization during the Middle Ages?

The Catholic Church

What role did priests play in medieval life?

They baptized, married, and heard confessions

What services did the Church provide in the Middle Ages?

Alms, orphanages, and education

How much land did the Church own in medieval Europe?

One-third of all land

What authority did the pope claim during the Middle Ages?

Authority over all kings of Europe

Why were Luther’s ideas so influential?

They spread through the printing press to millions via pamphlets, posters, and sermons

Why was Luther’s German Bible translation significant?

Non-priests could read and understand the Bible

Why did Luther’s translation catch on with common people?

He used German that people actually spoke instead of Latin

What effect did Luther’s work have on the public?

Everyone was able to quote scripture and discuss its meaning

What happened in the German Peasants’ Revolt of 1525?

Peasants used Luther’s ideas to challenge landlords and clergymen

What did the Twelve Articles declare?

That serfdom had no basis in scripture

How did the peasants protest during the revolt?

They refused taxes, pillaged Church lands, and raised a 300,000-strong army

How did Luther respond to the peasants’ revolt?

He sided with elites and urged killing the rebels

What did Luther say about kings and princes after the revolt?

They were placed by God as caretakers of the Church

What was a side effect of the Protestant Reformation, according to Max Weber?

The foundation of European capitalism