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EQUILIBRIUM
constant concentration and equal rates of reaction (forward and reverse)
SUBLIMATION
a phase change from solid to gas
TEMPERATURE
the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance
orbital
a region where an electron is MOST PROBABLY located
COMPOUND
a substance composed of 2 or more elements CHEMICALLY combined in a FIXED proportion
WHAT do the COEFFICIENTS in a chemical reaction represent?
The number of MOLES of a substance.
ENDOTHERMIC reactions
energy is ABSORBED; bonds are BREAKING
EXOTHERMIC reactions
energy is RELEASED; bonds are FORMING
HEAT OF REACTION
heat of products MINUS heat of reactants
What is the POLARITY of water?
Water is polar. (substances dissolve in water because they are both POLAR) Like dissolves like.
When do gases behave like IDEAL gases?
HIGH temperature and LOW pressure
alternative- theory acid
H+ donors (proton donors) (BAAD)
alternative theory- base
H+ acceptors (proton acceptors) (BAAD)
How does HEAT flow (or travel)?
HOT to COLD
EMPIRICAL formula
reduced (simplified) formula
How is a bright line spectrum (light) produced?
E- from the excited state return to the ground state and release energy in the form of light
Arrhenius Acid
contain the H+ ion (hydronium/hydrogen ion)
Arrhenius Base
contain the OH- ion (hydroxide ion)
Entropy
The degree of disorder
Thermal Energy
a form of heat energy
Bright Line Spectrum
when e- go from EXCITED state to GROUND state energy is released in the form of LIGHT
Subatomic Particles
the protons, neutrons and electrons found in an atom
Isotope
Same element (same protons) but different mass (different neutrons)
Ion
Same element (same protons) but different number of electrons (can be a positive ion or negative ion)
Proton
Positive subatomic particle, mass 1 amu, found in nucleus
Neutron
Neutral subatomic particle, mass 1 amu, found in nucleus
Electron
Negative subatomic particle, 0 mass, found outside the nucleus
Allotrope
Same element with DIFFERENT structures, and DIFFERENT properties
Oxidation
the loss of electrons causing the oxidation number to increase. (LEO GER)
Reduction
the gaining of electrons causing the oxidation number to decrease (LEO GER)
Fission
the splitting of a large nucleus (like Uranium) that makes lighter nuclei; mass is converted to energy
Fusion
the joining of light nuclei (hydrogen/helium) to form a larger nuclei; mass is converted to ENERGY
Electrolytes
acids, bases, or salts that can conduct electricity as an aqueous solution
Collision Theory
This states that the more collisions that occur, the faster a reaction will occur (proper orientation and kinetic energy)
5 ways to speed up the reaction rate
Titration
the process of NEUTRALIZING an acid with a base to determine and unknown MOLARITY
Distillation
the process of separating two liquids based on their different boiling points
Ionic Bond
the transferring of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal
Covalent Bond
the sharing of electrons between nonmetals
Polar Covalent Bond
the uneven/unequal sharing of electrons resulting
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
the equal/even sharing of electrons resulting in a
Metallic Bond
a bond between METALS only; "sea of mobile electrons"