Regents Chemistry Review 2

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46 Terms

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EQUILIBRIUM

constant concentration and equal rates of reaction (forward and reverse)

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SUBLIMATION

a phase change from solid to gas

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TEMPERATURE

the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance

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orbital

a region where an electron is MOST PROBABLY located

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COMPOUND

a substance composed of 2 or more elements CHEMICALLY combined in a FIXED proportion

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WHAT do the COEFFICIENTS in a chemical reaction represent?

The number of MOLES of a substance.

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ENDOTHERMIC reactions

energy is ABSORBED; bonds are BREAKING

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EXOTHERMIC reactions

energy is RELEASED; bonds are FORMING

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HEAT OF REACTION

heat of products MINUS heat of reactants

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What is the POLARITY of water?

Water is polar. (substances dissolve in water because they are both POLAR) Like dissolves like.

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When do gases behave like IDEAL gases?

HIGH temperature and LOW pressure

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alternative- theory acid

H+ donors (proton donors) (BAAD)

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alternative theory- base

H+ acceptors (proton acceptors) (BAAD)

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How does HEAT flow (or travel)?

HOT to COLD

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EMPIRICAL formula

reduced (simplified) formula

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How is a bright line spectrum (light) produced?

E- from the excited state return to the ground state and release energy in the form of light

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Arrhenius Acid

contain the H+ ion (hydronium/hydrogen ion)

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Arrhenius Base

contain the OH- ion (hydroxide ion)

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Entropy

The degree of disorder

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Thermal Energy

a form of heat energy

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Bright Line Spectrum

when e- go from EXCITED state to GROUND state energy is released in the form of LIGHT

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Subatomic Particles

the protons, neutrons and electrons found in an atom

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Isotope

Same element (same protons) but different mass (different neutrons)

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Ion

Same element (same protons) but different number of electrons (can be a positive ion or negative ion)

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Proton

Positive subatomic particle, mass 1 amu, found in nucleus

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Neutron

Neutral subatomic particle, mass 1 amu, found in nucleus

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Electron

Negative subatomic particle, 0 mass, found outside the nucleus

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Allotrope

Same element with DIFFERENT structures, and DIFFERENT properties

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Oxidation

the loss of electrons causing the oxidation number to increase. (LEO GER)

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Reduction

the gaining of electrons causing the oxidation number to decrease (LEO GER)

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Fission

the splitting of a large nucleus (like Uranium) that makes lighter nuclei; mass is converted to energy

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Fusion

the joining of light nuclei (hydrogen/helium) to form a larger nuclei; mass is converted to ENERGY

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Electrolytes

acids, bases, or salts that can conduct electricity as an aqueous solution

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Collision Theory

This states that the more collisions that occur, the faster a reaction will occur (proper orientation and kinetic energy)

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5 ways to speed up the reaction rate

  1. Increase Temp
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  1. Increase Concentration
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  1. Increase Pressure (only for gases)
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  1. Use a Catalyst
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  1. Increase surface area (crush it)
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Titration

the process of NEUTRALIZING an acid with a base to determine and unknown MOLARITY

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Distillation

the process of separating two liquids based on their different boiling points

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Ionic Bond

the transferring of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal

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Covalent Bond

the sharing of electrons between nonmetals

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Polar Covalent Bond

the uneven/unequal sharing of electrons resulting

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Nonpolar Covalent Bond

the equal/even sharing of electrons resulting in a

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Metallic Bond

a bond between METALS only; "sea of mobile electrons"