A+P II Lecture Exam #3 - The Urinary + Reproductive System

True or False: The kidneys main function is to maintain the constancy of the body’s internal environment, aka HOMEOSTASIS

True

The kidney maintains the body’s homeostais by regulating the VOLUME and ___________ of the ECF (interstitial fluid)

a) mass

b) weight

c) composition

d) fluidity

c) composition

Which of the following does the kidney NOT manage when it comes to organic + inorganic compounds

a) intake

b) fertilization

c) production

d) excretion

e) consumption

b) fertilization

______________: the renal excretion of Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, H+, and HCO3^- balances the intake and excretion of these substances through other routes (ex: GI tract + skin)

a) regulation of blood IONIC composition + pH

b) excretion of organic WASTE products

c) blood pressure regulation

d) hormone production

e) maintaining blood osmolarity

f) regulation of blood pH

a) regulation of blood IONIC composition + pH

______________: ex: urea + creatinine + uric acid (increased levels in blood = kidney failure)

a) regulation of blood IONIC composition + pH

b) excretion of organic WASTE products

c) blood pressure regulation

d) hormone production

e) maintaining blood osmolarity

f) regulation of blood pH

b) excretion of organic WASTE products

______________: a) by way of RENIN formation + release (renin is then involved in activation the angiotensin-aldosterone pathway) b) by way of renal control of blood volume (ADH)

a) regulation of blood IONIC composition + pH

b) excretion of organic WASTE products

c) blood pressure regulation

d) hormone production

e) maintaining blood osmolarity

f) regulation of blood pH

c) blood pressure regulation

______________: a) through the formation + release of the hormones ERYTHROPOIETIN which stimulates RBC production and b) CALCITROL, the active form of vitamin D

a) regulation of blood IONIC composition + pH

b) excretion of organic WASTE products

c) blood pressure regulation

d) hormone production

e) maintaining blood osmolarity

f) regulation of blood pH

d) hormone production

______________: separately regulates loss of H2O + loss of solute

a) regulation of blood IONIC composition + pH

b) excretion of organic WASTE products

c) blood pressure regulation

d) hormone production

e) maintaining blood osmolarity

f) regulation of blood pH

e) maintaining blood osmolarity

______________: involves H+ and HCO3^- balance

a) regulation of blood IONIC composition + pH

b) excretion of organic WASTE products

c) blood pressure regulation

d) hormone production

e) maintaining blood osmolarity

f) regulation of blood pH

f) regulation of blood pH

Kidney failure —> substances accumulating in the blood + ECF —> CHANGE in body’s internal environment —> ________ cell function and ________

a) decreased, death

b) increased, death

a) decreased, death

____________: positions on the upper POSTERIOR wall of the abdominal cavity (T12-L3)

a) kidneys

b) gallbladder

c) liver

d) heart

a) kidneys

____________: located between the muscles of the back and the peritoneal cavity

a) kidneys

b) gallbladder

c) liver

d) heart

a) kidneys

True or false: The kidneys are RETROPERITONEAL

True

True or False: Both kidneys are capped by an adrenal gland (suprarenal gland)

True

True or False: The kidneys can be surgically approached through the posterior body wall without opening the peritoneal cavity

True

True or False: The right kidney is lower than the left because the liver pushes the right kidney down

True

True or False: The left kidney is lower than the right because the liver pushes the left kidney down

False

The kidney is bean shaped, with a _________ lateral border and _______ medial border

a) concave, convex

b) concave, concave

c) convex, convex

d) convex, concave

d) convex, concave

____________: indentation on the MEDIAL border through which most structures entered (ex: renal artery) or leave (ex: renal vein, ureter) the kidney

a) hilum

b) renal sinus

c) renal capsule

d) adipose capsule

e) renal fasciia

a) hilum

____________: internal space the hilum opens into which contains the renal vessels + the renal pelvis + calyces

a) hilum

b) renal sinus

c) renal capsule

d) adipose capsule

e) renal fasciia

b) renal sinus

____________: innermost layer; directly covers the kidney; fibrous

a) hilum

b) renal sinus

c) renal capsule

d) adipose capsule

e) renal fasciia

c) renal capsule

____________: mass of perineal fat surrounding the renal capsule

a) hilum

b) renal sinus

c) renal capsule

e) renal fasciia

d) adipose capsule

____________: surrounds the adipose capsule, completely enclosing + anchoring the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall

a) hilum

b) renal sinus

c) renal capsule

d) adipose capsule

e) renal fasciia

e) renal fasciia

The renal parenchyma is divisible into ____ regions

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

b) 2

________ = 3 parts/divisions if including the sinus

a) internal kidney

b) the CORTEX

c) the MEDULLA

a) internal kidney

__________: the lighter outer layer (just deep to the renal capsule)
a) internal kidney

b) the CORTEX

c) the MEDULLA

b) the CORTEX

__________: divided into an outer “cortical zone” and inner “juxtamedullary zone” (extensions of the cortex (renal columns) extend into the medulla between the “pyramids”)
a) internal kidney

b) the CORTEX

c) the MEDULLA

b) the CORTEX

__________: deep to the cortex; formed by several (8-18) triangular renal pyramids
a) internal kidney

b) the CORTEX

c) the MEDULLA

c) the MEDULLA

__________: Renal pyramids are separated from one another by the “columns”; contain blood vessels that supply the cortex + medulla + 1/2 each adjacent column
a) internal kidney

b) the CORTEX

c) the MEDULLA

c) the MEDULLA

The pyramids of the kidney are oriented with the broad bases covered by cortex and their tips, the _________, projected toward the renal pelvis

a) papillae

b) renal lobe

c) the cortex

d) the medulla

a) papillae

___________: one pyramid + overlying cortex + ½ each adjacent column

a) papillae

b) renal lobe

c) the cortex

d) the medulla

b) renal lobe

__________: is funnel-shapped with a papilla projecting into it (around 8-18 per kidney)

a) minor calyces

b) major calyces

c) the renal pelvis

a) minor calyces

__________: is formed by the fusion of several minor calyces (around 3 per kidney)

a) minor calyces

b) major calyces

c) the renal pelvis

b) major calyces

__________: formed by the fusion of the major calyces = the expanded upper part of the ureter

a) minor calyces

b) major calyces

c) the renal pelvis

c) the renal pelvis

___________: the functional units of the kidneys where urine is FORMED, around 1 million per kidney

a) nephrons

b) cortical nephron

c) juxtamedullary nephrons

a) nephrons

___________: 80-85% of the nephrons in the kidney; have short “loops of Henle” which descend only as far as the outer medulla

a) nephrons

b) cortical nephron

c) juxtamedullary nephrons

b) cortical nephron

__________: corpuscles located at the junction of the cortex + medulla of the kidney; have LONG “loops of henle” which penetrate deep into the medulla and sometimes reach the top of the renal papillae

a) nephrons

b) cortical nephron

c) juxtamedullary nephrons

c) juxtamedullary nephrons

___________: these nephrons are important in the counter-current system by which the kidneys CONCENTRATE urine

a) nephrons

b) cortical nephron

c) juxtamedullary nephrons

c) juxtamedullary nephrons

___________: part of the nephron; a network of parallel CAPILLARIES (20-40 capillary loops)

a) the glomerulus

b) a renal tubule

c) the glomerular capsule/bowman’s capsule

d) renal corpuscle

___________: part of nephron; in epithelial lined tube with various regions that differ from one another anatomically (EPITHELIAL variations)

a) the glomerulus

b) a renal tubule

c) the glomerular capsule/bowman’s capsule

d) renal corpuscle

b) a renal tubule

___________: Made up of Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, “collecting tubule”

a) the glomerulus

b) a renal tubule

c) the glomerular capsule/bowman’s capsule

d) renal corpuscle

b) a renal tubule

The _________ is made up of the glomerular CAPSULE/Bowman’s capsule + the glomerulus

a) the glomerulus

b) a renal tubule

c) the glomerular capsule/bowman’s capsule

d) renal corpuscle

d) renal corpuscle

_____________: makes up the renal corpuscle; a double walled cup formed by the proximal end of the renal tubule

a) the glomerulus

b) a renal tubule

c) the glomerular capsule/bowman’s capsule

d) renal corpuscle

c) the glomerular capsule/bowman’s capsule

____________: makes up the renal corpuscle; a tuft of capillary loops which protrudes into the Bowman’s capsule; located in the kidney’s cortex

a) the glomerulus

b) a renal tubule

c) the glomerular capsule/bowman’s capsule

d) renal corpuscle

a) the glomerulus

____________: a process occurring in the CORPUSCLES that is important in urine production; movement of molecules out of blood and into filtrate

a) cortical filtration

b) renal filtration

c) corpuscle filtration

d) glomerular filtration

d) glomerular filtration

___________: occurs when some of the blood plasma (except for protein) passes out of the glomerular capillaries and exits the space (capsular space) between the inner + outer layers of the capsule

a) cortical filtration

b) renal filtration

c) corpuscle filtration

d) glomerular filtration

d) glomerular filtration

The process of glomerular filtration creates a fluid called glomerular _______

a) urine

b) filtrate

c) fluid

d) waste

b) filtrate

The ______________ is made up of 2 layers, an outer/parietal layer and an inner/visceral layer

a) the glomerulus

b) a renal tubule

c) bowman’s capsule

d) renal corpuscle

c) bowman’s capsule

____________: part of Boman’s capsule; made up of simple squamous epithelias

a) outer/parietal layer of capsule

b) inner/visceral layer of capsule

c) podocytes

d) pedicles

e) slit pores

a) outer/parietal layer of capsule

____________: part of Bowman’s capsule; composed of specialized cells for the filtration barrier

a) outer/parietal layer of capsule

b) inner/visceral layer of capsule

c) podocytes

d) pedicles

e) slit pores

b) inner/visceral layer of capsule

____________: have several processes that pranch to form 3rd degree processes

a) outer/parietal layer of capsule

b) inner/visceral layer of capsule

c) podocytes

d) pedicles

e) slit pores

c) podocytes

____________: aka foot processes or 3rd degree processes; adheres to basal lamina (basement membrane) covering the capillary endothelilum

a) outer/parietal layer of capsule

b) inner/visceral layer of capsule

c) podocytes

d) pedicles

e) slit pores

d) pedicles

__________:a network of small clefts between them, also known as filtration slits, created when the foot processes of one podocyte interdigitate with those of adjacent podocytes

a) outer/parietal layer of capsule

b) inner/visceral layer of capsule

c) podocytes

d) pedicles

e) slit pores

e) slit pores

__________: a thin slit membrane extends between foot processes barrier restricting the passage of some molecules through slits

a) outer/parietal layer of capsule

b) inner/visceral layer of capsule

c) podocytes

d) pedicles

e) slit pores

e) slit pores

_________: endothelium formed by a single layer of squamouse cells; contains small pores (fenestrated capillaries —> permeable!)

a) slit pores

b) glomerular capillaries

c) filtration barrier membrane

d) glomerular filtrate

b) glomerular capillaries

_________: the separation beteween the blood in the glomerular capillaries from the capsular space

a) slit pores

b) glomerular capillaries

c) filtration barrier membrane

d) glomerular filtrate

c) filtration barrier membrane

_________:

a) slit pores

b) glomerular capillaries

c) filtration barrier membrane

d) glomerular filtrate

c) filtration barrier membrane

_________: consists of 3 layers

a) slit pores

b) glomerular capillaries

c) filtration barrier membrane

d) glomerular filtrate

c) filtration barrier membrane

Which of the following is NOT a layer in the filtration barrier membrane?

a) the podocyte layer

b) the fenestrated endothelium

c) the basal lamina (basement membrane of capillary endothelium)

d) the slit membranes that cover the filtration slits

a) the podocyte layer

Many substances are able to pass through the __________, substances that are less than 3nm in diameter

a) slit pores

b) glomerular capillaries

c) filtration barrier membrane

d) glomerular filtrate

c) filtration barrier membrane

__________: consist of most substances present in the plasma EXCEPT most plasma PROTEINS

a) slit pores

b) glomerular capillaries

c) filtration barrier membrane

d) glomerular filtrate

d) glomerular filtrate

True or False: Proteins are too large to penetrate through the filtrations barrier

True

What is the correct order of the speed of molecules of the same size through the filtration barrier?

a) (-) molecule > (+) molecule > neutral molecule

b) (+) molecule > (-) molecule > neutral molecule

c) (-) molecule > neutral molecule > (-) molecule

d) (+) molecule > neutral molecule > (-) molecule

d) (+) molecule > neutral molecule > (-) molecule

_________ charged glycoproteins are associated with the filtration barrier and influence the movement of molecules across the barrier

a) positively (+)

b) negatively (-)

c) neutral

b) negatively (-)

________ to the filtration membrane can be caused by kidney inflammation or trauma

a) damage

b) albuminuria

c) hematuria

d) nitricuria

a) damage

________: proteinuria; condition when albumin is in the urine

a) damage

b) albuminuria

c) hematuria

d) nitricuria

b) albuminuria

________: condition when blood (RBCs) are in the urine

a) damage

b) albuminuria

c) hematuria

d) nitricuria

c) hematuria

____________: part of urinary system for FILTRATION

a) Bowman’s Capsule

b) Renal Tubule

c) Proximal convoluted tubule

d) Loop of Henle

a) Bowman’s Capsule

____________: part of urinary system for REABSORPTION

a) Bowman’s Capsule

b) Renal Tubule

c) Proximal convoluted tubule

d) Loop of Henle

b) Renal Tubule

_______________: the region of the renal tubule beyond the glomerular capsule whose lumen is continuous with the capsular space

a) proximal convoluted tubule

b) loop of henle

c) distal convoluted tubule

d) collecting tubule

a) proximal convoluted tubule

_______________: located in cortex; twisted; large surface area for reabsorption + secretion

a) proximal convoluted tubule

b) loop of henle

c) distal convoluted tubule

d) collecting tubule

a) proximal convoluted tubule

_______________: wall is a single layer of columnar cells with MICROVILLLI that extend into the lume (brush border) —> allows for more reabsorption

a) proximal convoluted tubule

b) loop of henle

c) distal convoluted tubule

d) collecting tubule

a) proximal convoluted tubule

_______________: contains a descending and ascending limb

a) proximal convoluted tubule

b) loop of henle

c) distal convoluted tubule

d) collecting tubule

b) loop of henle

_______________: the highly coiled region beyond the distal straight tubule

a) proximal convoluted tubule

b) loop of henle

c) distal convoluted tubule

d) collecting tubule

c) distal convoluted tubule

_______________: wall is a single layer of cuboidal cells with few microvilli

a) proximal convoluted tubule

b) loop of henle

c) distal convoluted tubule

d) collecting tubule

c) distal convoluted tubule

_______________: a large tubule in which distal convoluted tubules of SEVERAL nephrons empty inot

a) proximal convoluted tubule

b) loop of henle

c) distal convoluted tubule

d) collecting tubule

d) collecting tubule

_______________: passes through a medullary renal pyramid —> joining together of adjacent collecting tubules to form larger ducts (PAPILLARY DUCTS) that open on the papilla —> minor calyx

a) proximal convoluted tubule

b) loop of henle

c) distal convoluted tubule

d) collecting tubule

d) collecting tubule

____________: part of each loop that descends into the medulla

a) loop of henle

b) descending limb

c) ascending limb

d) collecting tubule

b) descending limb

____________: wall is thin squamous epithelium; thin segment of the loop

a) loop of henle

b) descending limb

c) ascending limb

d) collecting tubule

b) descending limb

____________: formed in the medullar by hairpin turn the loop takes; passes out of medulla —> cortex

a) loop of henle

b) descending limb

c) ascending limb

d) collecting tubule

c) ascending limb

____________: wall is cuboidal cells (in thick areas) and squamous cells (in thin)

a) loop of henle

b) descending limb

c) ascending limb

d) collecting tubule

c) ascending limb

True or False: In juxtamedullary nephrons, the thick segment does not begin until the upper portion of the ascending limb

True

Each kidney receives a ________ = a major branch from the descending aorta

a) renal artery

b) renal vein

c) kidney artery

d) kidney vein

a) renal artery

The kidneys receive around _____ of the total cardiac output —> 1.1 L/min of blood passing through the two kidneys

a) 5%

b) 10%

c) 15%

d) 20%

d) 20%

True or false: Most of the blood going to the kidneys is for kidney cell nutrition

False

True or false: Little of the blood going to the kidneys is used for kidney cell nutrition

True

True or false: The purpose of large blood flow to the kidneys is to maintain blood homeostasis

True

True or false: Shortly after entering the hilus, the renal artery divides into separate arteries and capillaries

True

_________: travel between the pyramids (lobes) to the arcuate arteries

a) interlobar arteries

b) arcuate arteries

c) interlobular arteries

d) afferent arterioles

e) efferent arteriole

f) peritubular capillaries

g) vasa recta

a) interlobar arteries

_________: arching branches given off by the interlobar arteris at the bases of the pyramids (cortex-medula junction); runs parallel to the kidney surface —> interlobular arteries

a) interlobar arteries

b) arcuate arteries

c) interlobular arteries

d) afferent arterioles

e) efferent arteriole

f) peritubular capillaries

g) vasa recta

b) arcuate arteries

_________: small branches given off at intervals by the arcuate arteries + which travel through the cortex toward the kidney surface —> afferent arterioles

a) interlobar arteries

b) arcuate arteries

c) interlobular arteries

d) afferent arterioles

e) efferent arteriole

f) peritubular capillaries

g) vasa recta

c) interlobular arteries

_________: divisions of the interlobular arteries; each supplies a renal corpuscle to form the capillary network (glomerulus)

a) interlobar arteries

b) arcuate arteries

c) interlobular arteries

d) afferent arterioles

e) efferent arteriole

f) peritubular capillaries

g) vasa recta

d) afferent arterioles

_________: glomerular filtrate formed here —> efferent arteriole

a) interlobar arteries

b) arcuate arteries

c) interlobular arteries

d) afferent arterioles

e) efferent arteriole

f) peritubular capillaries

g) vasa recta

d) afferent arterioles

_________: blood LEAVES the glomerulus through this arteriole —> peritubular capillaries

a) interlobar arteries

b) arcuate arteries

c) interlobular arteries

d) afferent arterioles

e) efferent arteriole

f) peritubular capillaries

g) vasa recta

e) efferent arteriole

_________: divisions of the efferent arterioles which forms networks surrounding the renal tubules

a) interlobar arteries

b) arcuate arteries

c) interlobular arteries

d) afferent arterioles

e) efferent arteriole

g) vasa recta

f) peritubular capillaries

_________: thin-waled vessels which extend from the efferent arteriole of the juxtamdeullary nephrons to supply the loop of Henle + collecting tubules in the medulla

a) interlobar arteries

b) arcuate arteries

c) interlobular arteries

d) afferent arterioles

e) efferent arteriole

f) peritubular capillaries

g) vasa recta

g) vasa recta

_________: important role in URINE CONCENTRATION

a) interlobar arteries

b) arcuate arteries

c) interlobular arteries

d) afferent arterioles

e) efferent arteriole

f) peritubular capillaries

g) vasa recta

g) vasa recta

__________ or __________ empty into interlobular veins —> —> renal veins

a) peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole

b) peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

c) vasa recta, efferent arteriole

d) afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

b) peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

True or False: Veins follow course of arteries with the same names

True or False: Veins follow course of arteries with the same names

True or False: Blood flows through 2 sequential series of capillary beds —> glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

True