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POLS 1100 Midterm Exam Study Guide
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37 Terms
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1
Political Science
The study of power and government structures.
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2
Sovereignty
The authority of a state to govern itself or another state.
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3
Legitimacy
The right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a regime.
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4
Elitism
A political theory that suggests a small group of elite individuals holds power.
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5
Pluralism
A political system where multiple groups coexist and share power.
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6
Majoritarianism
The principle that the majority should have the power to make decisions.
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7
Political Culture
The collection of values, beliefs, and norms that citizens share regarding their political system.
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8
Free-Market System
An economic system where prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.
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9
Critical Thinking
The ability to think clearly and rationally, understanding the logical connection between ideas.
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10
Constitutional Democracy
A form of government in which representatives are elected by the people to make laws under a constitution.
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11
Federalism
A system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units.
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12
Articles of Confederation
The first constitution of the United States, which established a confederation of sovereign states.
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13
Virginia Plan
A proposal for a strong national government with a bicameral legislature.
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14
New Jersey Plan
A proposal to create a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state.
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15
Great Compromise
An agreement that settled disputes between states regarding representation in Congress.
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16
Three-Fifths Clause
A compromise counting three-fifths of the slave population for representation purposes.
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17
Federalist Papers
A series of essays promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.
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18
Social Contract Theory
The theory that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to form a government.
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19
Dual Federalism
A framework of federalism in which the federal and state governments operate independently.
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20
Cooperative Federalism
A system where national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively.
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21
Categorical Grants
Federal funds provided for a specific purpose.
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22
Block Grants
Federal funds granted to states for broad purposes with fewer restrictions.
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23
Enumerated Powers
Powers explicitly granted to Congress by the Constitution.
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24
Implied Powers
Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but necessary to execute its enumerated powers.
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25
Supremacy Clause
The provision in the Constitution that establishes federal law as the supreme law of the land.
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26
10th Amendment
The amendment that reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or the people.
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27
Civil Liberties
Personal freedoms that are protected from government interference.
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28
U.S. Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights.
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29
Due Process
Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.
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30
Selective Incorporation
The judicial doctrine whereby some protections in the Bill of Rights are applied to the states through the 14th Amendment.
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31
Civil Rights
The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
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32
Civil Rights Act of 1964
A landmark piece of legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
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33
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Federal legislation aimed at eliminating various forms of disenfranchisement.
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34
Equal Protection Clause
Part of the 14th Amendment that requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all people.
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35
Brown v. Board
A landmark Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.
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36
Plessy v. Ferguson
An 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.
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37
Obergefell v. Hodges
A landmark Supreme Court case that ruled same-sex marriage is a constitutional right.
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