22 - Regulation of the glucose metabolism – maintenance of the blood glucose concentration. Regulatory enzymes and hormones. Mechanisms. Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, glycosuria.

sections

• normal blood glucose levels

• times for fasting and starvation

• regulatory enzymes

• how do they work

• deficiency

• normal blood glucose levels

• 2.8-6.1 mmol/L

• times for fasting and starvation

fasting - 5-7 hours between meals

Starvation - +30 hours between meals

• regulatory enzymes

• glucagon - increase blood glucose

• Insulin - decrease glucose

• how do they work

1. Insulin

   • pancreatic b cells - lower blood glucose by converting UDP glucose into glycogen via glycogen synthase

2. Glucagon

   • pancreatic a cell - increase blood glucose by glycogenolysis. Glycogen is phosphorylated into glucose-1-p (stimulates gng)

• deficiency

1. Hypoglycaemia - low blood sugar

   • body not responding to glucagon

   • over production/ activity of insulin

2. Hyperglycaemia - high blood sugar

   • not enough insulin

   • body not responding to insulin

   • inject insulin - treatment

3. Glycosuria

   • excess sugar in urine, seen in diabetes