Anatomy Glands and Hormones

Anterior Pituitary Gland

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Oxytocin, ADH

Pineal Gland

Melatonin

Thyroid Gland

TH (t3 and t4), Calcitonin

Parathyroid

PTH

Thymus Gland

Thymopoietin, thymosin

Pancreas

Insulin, glucagon

Adrenal Gland

Aldosterone, cortisol, androgens, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Ovaries

Estrogen, progesterone

Testes

Testosterone

Growth Hormone (GH)

* Function: Increase cells size, increase cellular reproduction
* Target: Skeletal muscles and bones

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

* Function: stimulates thyroid to release TH
* Target: Thyroid gland

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

* Function: Stimulates adrenal glands to release glucocorticoids and androgens
* Target: adrenal glands

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

* Function: females - stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen and ovarian follicles to mature. Males - stimulates sperm production
* Target: Ovaries and testes

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

* Function: female - triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone. Males - Promotes testosterone production
* Target: Ovaries and testes

Prolactin (PRL)

* Function: Promotes lactation
* Target: Breast tissue

Oxytocin

* Function: Stimulate uterine contractions
* Target: Uterus

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

* Function: Stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water
* Target: kidney

Melatonin

* Function: Controls sleep/wake cycle
* Target: Brain, pancreas, kidney

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

* Function: Control metabolism and body heat production
* Target: All of body except brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and the thyroid gland

Calcitonin

* Function: Lowers blood calcium levels
* Target: Bones

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

* Function: Increases blood calcium levels
* Target: Bones, kidneys, intestines

Thymopoietin

* Function:  help with development of immune system (T cells)
* Target: white blood cells, bone marrow

Thymosin

* Function:  help with development of immune system (T cells)
* Target: white blood cells, bone marrow

Insulin

* Function: lowers blood glucose
* Target: liver, skeletal muscles, adipose tissue

Glucagon

* Function: raises blood glucose
* Target: liver, adipose tissue

Aldosterone

* Function: maintaining sodium ion balance
* Target: kidney tubules

Cortisol

* Function: increases the release of glucose from proteins and fats during stressful situations through gluconeogenesis 
* Target: adipose tissue, liver

Androgens

* Function: development of sexual characteristics
* Target: ovaries, testes

Epinephrine

* Function: brief response to fight or flight (causes 80% of response)
* Target: bronchi, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, heart

Norepinephrine

* Function: brief response to fight or flight (causes 20% of response)
* Target: blood vessels

Estrogen

* Function: mature of reproductive organs & secondary sexual characteristics
* Target: breast tissue, uterus

Progesterone

* Function: mature of reproductive organs & secondary sexual characteristics
* Target: breast tissue, uterus, ovaries

Testosterone

* Function: mature of reproductive organs & secondary sexual characteristics, sperm production
* Target: testes

Digestive Tract

Gastrin, secretin, CCK

Gastrin

Produced by the stomach, Stimulates glands in stomach to make hydrochloric acid

Secretin

Produced by the duodenum (small intestine), Stimulates release of bicarbonate-rich juice from pancreas and liver

**Cholecystokinin (CCK)**

Produced by the duodenum (small intestine), Stimulates the release of enzyme-rich juice from pancreas; stimulates the release of bile from gallbladder; causes sphincter of Oddi to relax allowing juices to flow into duodenum

Kidneys

EPO, renin

**Erythropoietin (EPO)**

Produced by the kidney, Stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells

Skin

Provitamin D3

Provitamin D3

Produced by the skin (epidermal cells), Stimulates the transport of calcium out of food into intestinal cells

Heart

ANP

**Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)**

Produced by the heart, Inhibits sodium ion reabsorption and renin release in kidney, inhibits secretion of aldosterone, decreases blood pressure

Adipose tissue

Leptin, Resistin

Leptin

Produced by adipose tissue, Suppresses appetite in brain; increases energy expenditure

Resistin

Produced by adipose tissue, Antagonizes insulin action on liver cells