Global Political Challenges (IB)

Environment

A complex system comprised of biotic and abiotic factors that interact with one another.

Climate Change

Long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other elements of the Earth's climate system.

Greenhouse Gases

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and climate change.

Resource Depletion

The consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished, leading to a scarcity.

Pollution

The introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment.

Biodiversity Loss

The decline or loss of variety and variability of life forms on Earth.

Income Poverty

A condition where individuals lack enough financial resources to meet basic everyday needs.

Multidimensional Poverty

An approach to poverty that includes aspects beyond income, such as access to education and health.

Inequality

The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among individuals or groups.

Social Exclusion

The process through which individuals or groups are systematically disadvantaged.

Pandemics

Epidemics that have spread across countries or continents, affecting a large number of people.

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)

Medical conditions or diseases that are not infectious and typically last a long time.

Universal Health Coverage

Ensuring that all individuals have access to necessary health services without financial hardship.

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

The ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of medications that once effectively treated them.

National Identity

A sense of belonging to a nation, based on shared characteristics such as culture or history.

Ethnic Identity

Identification with a particular ethnic group, often highlighted by shared ancestry and culture.

Religious Identity

Belonging to a specific religious group characterized by shared beliefs and practices.

Cultural Identity

A sense of belonging to a particular culture, influenced by values, norms, and traditions.

Gender Identity

Personal identification with a particular gender, which may not necessarily align with biological sex.

Borders

Political boundaries that delineate the territory of a state or country.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another, often crossing borders for various reasons.

Border Security

Measures taken by a state to regulate its borders and control the flow of people and goods.

Territorial Disputes

Conflicts between parties over the ownership or control of a specific territory.

Human Security

A holistic approach that encompasses the protection of individuals' safety and well-being.

Cybersecurity

The practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks.

Food Security

The state in which all people have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient food.

Climate Justice

The concept that addresses the ethical dimensions of climate change impacts and responsibilities.

Asylum Seekers

Individuals fleeing persecution or danger in their home country seeking refuge in another country.

Vaccine Nationalism

The prioritization of a country's own population for vaccine distribution before others.

Cultural Diplomacy

The practice of using culture as a means to promote national interests and foster relationships.

SolarWinds Attack

A sophisticated cyber espionage incident that compromised software used by U.S. government and private entities.