1/42
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
civil rights
guarantees of equal opportunity and protection through obligations imposed on government to protect individuals
social movements
sustained campaigns brought by and on behalf of disadvantaged populations in support of a political or social goal
collective action
the process of a group of people organizing and acting based on a shared goal
Equal Protection Clause
provision of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing citizens “the equal protection of the laws.” This clause has been the basis for the civil rights of Black people, women, and other groups
burden of proof
the responsibility of an individual, organization, or government to provide sufficient evidence in support of a claim in court
discrimination
the use of any unreasonable and unjust criterion of exclusion
13th amendment
one of three Civil War amendments; it abolished slavery
14th amendment
One of three Civil War amendments; it guaranteed equal protection and due process
15th amendment
one of three Civil War amendments; it guaranteed voting rights for Black men
Jim Crow laws
laws enacted by southern states following Reconstruction that discriminated against Black people
“separate but equal” rule
The doctrine that public accommodations could be segregated by race but still be considered equal
Brown v. Board of Education
The 1954 Supreme Court decision that struck down the “separate but equal” doctrine as fundamentally unequal; this case eliminated state power to use race as a criterion of discrimination in law and provided the national government with the power to intervene by exercising strict regulatory policies against discriminatory actions
strict scrutiny
a test used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases and other cases involving civil liberties and civil rights that places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional
de jure
literally, “by law”; refers to legally enforced practices, such as school segregation in the South before the 1960s
de facto
literally, “by fact”; refers to practices that occur even when there is no legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today
Civil Rights Act of 1964
landmark legislation that ended segregation in public spaces and prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, gender, religion, sex, and national origin
Nineteenth Amendment
An amendment that guaranteed the right to vote to women
Civil Liberties Act of 1988
a historic piece of legislation in which the federal government formally acknowledged the forced removal and internment of Japanese people as an injustice that had been motivated largely by racial prejudice
affirmative action
government policies or programs that seek to redress past injustices against specified groups by making special efforts to provide members of those groups with access to educational and employment opportunities
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
a government program intended to allow undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States as minors to legally remain in the country to study or work
Islamophobia
the fear of and discrimination against Islam or people who practice Islam
public opinion
citizens’ attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events
values (or beliefs)
basic principles that shape a person’s opinions about political issues and events
liberty
freedom from governmental control
justice
the fairness of how rewards and punishments are delivered, especially by governments and courts, but also in society
equality of opportunity
a widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential
political ideology
cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government
attitude (or opinion)
a specific preference on a particular issue
liberal
today this term refers to those who generally support social and political reform, governmental intervention in the economy, more economic equality, expansion of federal social services, and greater concern for consumers and the environment
conservative
today this term refers to those who generally support the social and economic status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulas and economic arrangements; conservatives believe that a large and powerful government poses a threat to citizens’ freedom
libertarian
someone who emphasizes freedom and believes in voluntary association with small government
socialist
someone who generally believes in social ownership, strong government, free markets, and a reduction in economic inequality
political socialization
The induction of individuals into the political culture; learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based
agents of socialization
social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals’ basic political beliefs and values
gender gap
a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men
public-opinion polls
scientific instruments for measuring public opinion
sample
a small group selected by researchers to represent the most important characteristics of an entire population
simple random sample (or probability sample)
a method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent
random digit dialing
a polling method in which respondents are selected at random from a list of 10-digit telephone numbers, with every effort made to avoid bias in the construction of the sample
sampling error (or margin of error)
polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample
social desirability bias
The effect that results when respondents in a survey answer questions in a way that will be viewed favorably by others; can lead to overreporting good behavior or socially acceptable answers, or underreporting socially undesirable behavior or answers
selection bias
polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in overrepresenting or underrepresenting some opinions
bandwagon effect
a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public-opinion polls report as the front-runner