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What is acid-base regulation?
The process of maintaining stable pH in the body
What are the major sources of acids in our body?
Volatile acids such as CO2 and non-volatile acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and lactic
What are pathological sources of acids in our body?
Keto acids and lactic acids
How does breathing out create acid?
CO2 and H2O will form carbonic acid which dissociates into H and HCO3
What is the first buffer system to neutralize acids?
Blood buffers such as Hb buffers and the bicarb-carbonic acid system
What is the second buffer system?
Respiratory regulation where the lungs eliminate CO2 by adjusting ventilation rate
What is the third line of defense?
Renal regulation where kidneys will excrete H+ and regenerate HCO3
How does the blood buffer function?
HB can act as a protein receptor when carbonic acid dissociates by allowing H+ to bind with its histidine residue
What is the Isohydric Shift?
Movement of h= from carbonic acid to Hb buferring system without changig plasma pH
What is the ratio of bicarb to carbonic acid?
20:1, for every 20 bicarb there is one acid
How does the respiratory buffer function?
It is the quick and rapid adjustment by adjusting breathing to change levels of CO@
What does hyperventilation do?
Decreases CO@, reduces H+ and increases pH
What does hypoventilation do?
Increases CO2, raises H+ and decreased pH
How does the kidney buffer system worj?
Provides slower and long term changes by reabsorbing bicarb from urine and regenerating lost bicarb
How does the PCT help in the buffer system?
It exchanges H+ for Na+ and H+ will react with bicarb in the tubule to form water and CO2 which will diffuse back into the cell
How does the liver generate new bicarb?
Urea cycle slows down in acidosis to conserve bicarb
How does the kidney generate bicarb?
Glutamine is catabolized to produce bicarb
How does the excretion of acid aid in the buffer system?
Kidneys wil pump out H+ from carbonic acid and the H+ will react ith secreted ammonia
What is Respiratory Acidosis?
Decrease in blood pH due to changes in CO2 levels
What is metabolic acidosis?
Decrease in pH levels due to changing bicarb and H+
What is Respiratory alkalosis?
Increase in blood pH due to changes in CO2 levels
What is Metabolic Alkalosis?
Increase in blood pH due to changing bicarb and H+
