Definitions

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10 Terms

1

Analytic Truth

True in the virtue of the meaning of the words

Ex. A bachelor is an unmarried man & Triangles have 3 sides

They cannot be denied without a logical contradiction

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2

Synthetic Truth

True in virtue if how the world is

Ex. Grass is green & Water boils at 100 °c

Denial does not lead to a logical contradiction

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3

A Priori Knowledge

Can be acquireed without experience of the external world - through thought alone

Ex. Working out 9 × 7 = 63

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4

A Posteriori Knowledge

Can only be acquired from experience of the external world

Ex. Doing an experiment to discover boiling point of water

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5

Intuition

A Priori method for gaining knowledge

The ability to know something is true just by thinking about it

Ex. Descartes Cogito Argument

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6

Deduction

Method of deriving true propositions from other true propositions using reason

You can deduce statement 3

  1. If A is true then B is true

  2. A is true

  3. Therefore B is true

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7

Rationalism

Not all a priori knowledge is of analytic truths

There is at least one synthetic truth that can be known a priori using intuition and deduction

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8

Empiricism

All a priori knowledge is of analytic truths

There is no synthetic a priori knowledge

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9

Necessary Truth

It’s a contradiction to deny them. They’re “true in all possible worlds”

2 + 2 = 4

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10

Contingent Truths

Truths which simply happen to be the case, they’re true but we can logically imagine a world where they’re false

PSC is on the north side of Winchester BUT we can conceive of a world where it’s on the southern side.

We can’t conceive of a world where parallel lines cross.

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