04 Computer Systems

Hardware

Physical components that make up a computer.

Software

Instructions that control the computer's physical components.

General purpose systems

Computer systems capable of performing various tasks with replaceable software.

Embedded systems

Computer systems integrated into devices to support their operation with specific firmware.

Logic Gates

Electronic components that perform basic logical functions like AND, OR, NOT, and XOR.

Cache

Cache is a small, high-speed memory located closer to the CPU that stores frequently accessed data or instructions. It speeds up processing by reducing the time needed to access data from slower main memory (RAM).

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM is a type of volatile memory used by the computer to store data and instructions that are actively being used or processed (by the CPU). It allows for quick read and write access to the data, but loses its contents when the power is turned off.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Permanent memory that stores program instructions and data.

Secondary Storage

Storage used for long-term data retention, larger but slower than primary memory.

CPU

Piece of hardware that executes instructions, including the Von Neumann Architecture and factors affecting performance.

Fetch-execute cycle

Crucial process by the CPU involving fetch, decode, and execute stages to perform instructions continuously.

System Software

Definition:
- System software manages and controls the computer hardware
- Ensures that the application software can function properly (Or simply - manages application software)
- It runs and manages the overall operation of the computer system.

Examples: Operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux), device drivers, utility programs.

Application Software

Definition: Application software is designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the end-user.

Examples: Microsoft Word, Google Chrome, Adobe Photoshop, video games.

Operating Systems (OS) [System software]

Essential software managing computer systems, including memory, processor, input/output, and security management.

Utility Software [System software]

Subset of system software performing specific maintenance tasks like encryption/antivirus, defragmentation, and backup.