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cervical and lumbosacral
areas with more nerves going in and out of the extremities so they are enlarged
C2
location of vertebrae where the conus medullaris can be found
filum terminale
extension of pia mater that goes from sacrum to coccyx
8
number of cervical nerves
12
number of thoracic nerves
5
number of lumbar nerves
5
number of sacral nerves
meninges
connective tissue membranes that surround cns
protect spinal cord from mechanical damage
provide passageway for blood vessels
create space for csf to flow in
grey
matter with “horns”
white
matter with “columns”
ventral horn
horn that has motor neuron cell bodies that goes into the muscle it innervates
lateral horn
horn that has autonomic and sympathetic neuron cell bodies
dorsal horn
horn that has sensory neurons coming in
grey commissure
connects two sides of spinal cord
grey matter
unmyelinated axons and cell bodies
white matter
myelinated (fatty substance) axons
posteriorly
in the grey matter, sensory information comes in _______
anteriorly
in grey matter, sensory information exits ______
dorsal root ganglion
where are sensory cell bodies and satellite cells in grey matter
spinal nerves
nerves that contain sensory, motor and autonomic components
sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neurons, effector organ
5 components of a reflex arc
sensory receptor
first component of reflex arc
sensory neuron
second component of reflex arc
integration center
third component of reflex arc
motor neuron
fourth component of reflex arc
effector organ
fifth component of reflex arc
monosynaptic
complexity reflex in which a sensory neuron synapses directly with motor neuron (no interneuron)
polysynaptic
complexity reflex in which an interneuron or more are found between the sensory and motor neuron
innate
developmental reflex that doesn’t require conscious thought (startle reflex)
learned
developmental reflex that requires conscious thought and is learned through repetition (driving)
somatic
effector reflex that may involve conscious thought (skeletal muscle)
autonomic
effector reflex that does not require conscious thought (cardiac/smooth muscle, glands, organs)
monosynaptic
what type of reflex is the stretch reflex
stretch reflex
reflex that causes the muscle to contract in response to a quick stretch
L3
where in the vertebrae does the stretch reflex go to
stretch reflex
what reflex shows that the muscles are working properly and can be prepared for use?
withdrawal reflex
which reflex allows us to pull away from a painful stimulus
polysynaptic
what kind of reflex is the withdrawal reflex
crossed extensor reflex
which reflex allows us to maintain balance and stabilize even in cases when we are lifting one foot off of the ground?
polysynaptic
what kind of reflex is a crossed extensor reflex
knee jerk and crossed extensor
what reflex(s) innervate the quads
withdrawal
what reflex(s) innervate the hamstring muscles
dorsal ramus
what ramus innervates nerves (skin and muscles) in the back of the body
ventral ramus
what ramus innervates the muscles and skin in the front of the body
nerve plexus
what is the name of a spider web of nerves
ventral ramus
what creates nerve plexuses?
spinal nerve
what connects the dorsal and ventral ramus?
dermatomes
what are the names of the vertebrae that send sensation information and innervate areas of the skin
myotomes
what is the name of the vertebrae that controls groups of muscles innervated by the same spinal nerve
C1-C4
what vertebrae form the cervical plexus
in the cervical plexus
where is the phrenic nerve found
phrenic nerve
what nerve is a motor nerve that innervates the diaphragm?
brachial plexus
what does the radial, ulnar and median nerve make up?
radial nerve
what nerve innervates the thumb side of your forearm and hand
ulnar nerve
what nerve innervates the pinky side of your forearm and hand?
median nerve
what nerve innervates the middle of the palm and hand
femoral nerve
what nerve innervates the front of your thigh and the medial part of your leg
lumbosacral
what plexus does the femoral nerve and sciatic nerve make up?
sciatic nerve
what do the fibular and tibial nerve make up?
hyperactive reflex
what kind of abnormal reflex would be rooted in upper motor neurons
absent reflex
what kind of abnormal reflex would be rooted in lower motor neurons
preganglionic neurons
before ganglion, short
postganglionic neuron
after ganglion, long
ganglion
nerve cell bodies in PNS
lateral horn of lumbar spine
where are preganglionic nerve cell bodies found
sympathetic ns
stress, fight/flight response, emergency response system
para sympathetic ns
rest and digest, feed and breed, vital housekeeping activities
thorocolumbar division
another name for the sympathetic division
craniosacral division
another name for the parasympathetic division
3, 7, 9, 10
what cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic division
organs of pelvic cavity
what do sacral nerves 2-4 innervate in the parasympathetic division
3 - ocular motor
what cranial nerve targets the intrinsic eye muscles (pupil/lense shape)
7 - facial
what cranial nerve targets the nasal glands, tear glands, and salivary glands
9 - glossopharyngeal
what cranial nerve targets the parotid salivary glands
10 - vagus
what cranial nerve targets the organs of the neck, thoracic cavity and most of the abdominal cavity
sympathetic
are the ntm’s norepinephrine, epinephrine, and ach sympathetic or parasympathetic
ACh
what is a parasympathetic neurotransmitter
adrenergic receptors
what is the name of the sympathetic class of NT receptors that bind to norepinephrine or epinephrine
cholinergic receptors
what is the name of the sympathetic class of NT receptors that bind to ACh
ntm receptors
what decides if an NTM is excitatory or inhibatory?
muscarinic
type of cholinergic receptor that is found on sweat glands in the skin, smooth muscle of the intestine, and in cardiac muscle
nicotinic
type of cholinergic receptor that is found on the cells of the adrenal medulla, at the nmj, and throughout the nervous system
excitatory
are alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors excitatory or inhibitory
excitatory except for cardiac muscles
are muscarinic receptors excitatory or inhibitory
excitatory
are nicotinic receptors excitatory or inhibitory
oxygen, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones, and stem cells
what things does blood transport
inflammation, immune functions, hemostasis
how does blood protect the body
pH, fluid volume, and body temeperature
how does blood regulate
plasma
what part of blood is made up of water and solutes
formed elements
what part of blood is made up of rbcs, wbcs, and platelets
45
what percent of formed elements are there in the blood
55
what percent of plasma is there in the blood
7.35-7.45
what is the typical pH of blood
hemostasis
what is the term for blood maintaining/clotting
suspension
what is the term for when something can settle out of solution in blood
solution
what is the term for when the cellular components of blood will dissolve
viscosity
what is the term for the thickness of blood, caused by solutes and cells being in suspension in the blood
lower
if someone is well hydrated their viscosity is….
higher
if someone is dehydrated their viscosity is….
osmolarity
what is the term for the number of solute particles dissolved in the fluid or in suspension
