PNS - ANS - Blood - Heart & Cardiovascular Physiology

cervical and lumbosacral

areas with more nerves going in and out of the extremities so they are enlarged

C2

location of vertebrae where the conus medullaris can be found

filum terminale

extension of pia mater that goes from sacrum to coccyx

8

number of cervical nerves

12

number of thoracic nerves

5

number of lumbar nerves

5

number of sacral nerves

meninges

connective tissue membranes that surround cns

protect spinal cord from mechanical damage

provide passageway for blood vessels

create space for csf to flow in

grey

matter with “horns”

white

matter with “columns”

ventral horn

horn that has motor neuron cell bodies that goes into the muscle it innervates

lateral horn

horn that has autonomic and sympathetic neuron cell bodies

dorsal horn

horn that has sensory neurons coming in

grey commissure

connects two sides of spinal cord

grey matter

unmyelinated axons and cell bodies

white matter

myelinated (fatty substance) axons

posteriorly

in the grey matter, sensory information comes in _______

anteriorly

in grey matter, sensory information exits ______

dorsal root ganglion

where are sensory cell bodies and satellite cells in grey matter

spinal nerves

nerves that contain sensory, motor and autonomic components

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neurons, effector organ

5 components of a reflex arc

sensory receptor

first component of reflex arc

sensory neuron

second component of reflex arc

integration center

third component of reflex arc

motor neuron

fourth component of reflex arc

effector organ

fifth component of reflex arc

monosynaptic

complexity reflex in which a sensory neuron synapses directly with motor neuron (no interneuron)

polysynaptic

complexity reflex in which an interneuron or more are found between the sensory and motor neuron

innate

developmental reflex that doesn’t require conscious thought (startle reflex)

learned

developmental reflex that requires conscious thought and is learned through repetition (driving)

somatic

effector reflex that may involve conscious thought (skeletal muscle)

autonomic

effector reflex that does not require conscious thought (cardiac/smooth muscle, glands, organs)

monosynaptic

what type of reflex is the stretch reflex

stretch reflex

reflex that causes the muscle to contract in response to a quick stretch

L3

where in the vertebrae does the stretch reflex go to

stretch reflex

what reflex shows that the muscles are working properly and can be prepared for use?

withdrawal reflex

which reflex allows us to pull away from a painful stimulus

polysynaptic

what kind of reflex is the withdrawal reflex

crossed extensor reflex

which reflex allows us to maintain balance and stabilize even in cases when we are lifting one foot off of the ground?

polysynaptic

what kind of reflex is a crossed extensor reflex

knee jerk and crossed extensor

what reflex(s) innervate the quads

withdrawal

what reflex(s) innervate the hamstring muscles

dorsal ramus

what ramus innervates nerves (skin and muscles) in the back of the body

ventral ramus

what ramus innervates the muscles and skin in the front of the body

nerve plexus

what is the name of a spider web of nerves

ventral ramus

what creates nerve plexuses?

spinal nerve

what connects the dorsal and ventral ramus?

dermatomes

what are the names of the vertebrae that send sensation information and innervate areas of the skin

myotomes

what is the name of the vertebrae that controls groups of muscles innervated by the same spinal nerve

C1-C4

what vertebrae form the cervical plexus

in the cervical plexus

where is the phrenic nerve found

phrenic nerve

what nerve is a motor nerve that innervates the diaphragm?

brachial plexus

what does the radial, ulnar and median nerve make up?

radial nerve

what nerve innervates the thumb side of your forearm and hand

ulnar nerve

what nerve innervates the pinky side of your forearm and hand?

median nerve

what nerve innervates the middle of the palm and hand

femoral nerve

what nerve innervates the front of your thigh and the medial part of your leg

lumbosacral

what plexus does the femoral nerve and sciatic nerve make up?

sciatic nerve

what do the fibular and tibial nerve make up?

hyperactive reflex

what kind of abnormal reflex would be rooted in upper motor neurons

absent reflex

what kind of abnormal reflex would be rooted in lower motor neurons

preganglionic neurons

before ganglion, short

postganglionic neuron

after ganglion, long

ganglion

nerve cell bodies in PNS

lateral horn of lumbar spine

where are preganglionic nerve cell bodies found

sympathetic ns

stress, fight/flight response, emergency response system

para sympathetic ns

rest and digest, feed and breed, vital housekeeping activities

thorocolumbar division

another name for the sympathetic division

craniosacral division

another name for the parasympathetic division

3, 7, 9, 10

what cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic division

organs of pelvic cavity

what do sacral nerves 2-4 innervate in the parasympathetic division

3 - ocular motor

what cranial nerve targets the intrinsic eye muscles (pupil/lense shape)

7 - facial

what cranial nerve targets the nasal glands, tear glands, and salivary glands

9 - glossopharyngeal

what cranial nerve targets the parotid salivary glands

10 - vagus

what cranial nerve targets the organs of the neck, thoracic cavity and most of the abdominal cavity

sympathetic

are the ntm’s norepinephrine, epinephrine, and ach sympathetic or parasympathetic

ACh

what is a parasympathetic neurotransmitter

adrenergic receptors

what is the name of the sympathetic class of NT receptors that bind to norepinephrine or epinephrine

cholinergic receptors

what is the name of the sympathetic class of NT receptors that bind to ACh

ntm receptors

what decides if an NTM is excitatory or inhibatory?

muscarinic

type of cholinergic receptor that is found on sweat glands in the skin, smooth muscle of the intestine, and in cardiac muscle

nicotinic

type of cholinergic receptor that is found on the cells of the adrenal medulla, at the nmj, and throughout the nervous system

excitatory

are alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors excitatory or inhibitory

excitatory except for cardiac muscles

are muscarinic receptors excitatory or inhibitory

excitatory

are nicotinic receptors excitatory or inhibitory

oxygen, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones, and stem cells

what things does blood transport

inflammation, immune functions, hemostasis

how does blood protect the body

pH, fluid volume, and body temeperature

how does blood regulate

plasma

what part of blood is made up of water and solutes

formed elements

what part of blood is made up of rbcs, wbcs, and platelets

45

what percent of formed elements are there in the blood

55

what percent of plasma is there in the blood

7.35-7.45

what is the typical pH of blood

hemostasis

what is the term for blood maintaining/clotting

suspension

what is the term for when something can settle out of solution in blood

solution

what is the term for when the cellular components of blood will dissolve

viscosity

what is the term for the thickness of blood, caused by solutes and cells being in suspension in the blood

lower

if someone is well hydrated their viscosity is….

higher

if someone is dehydrated their viscosity is….

osmolarity

what is the term for the number of solute particles dissolved in the fluid or in suspension