apush period 2 flashcards

Key Concept 2.1

Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers

Had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.

Goals of Spanish Colonization

Set up large plantations in the Caribbean to produce cash crops to be exported to Europe, expand their land into Southwest United States, and spread their Catholic religion to Natives.

Spanish Colonial Development

Stopped using the encomienda system and used enslaved Africans on plantations in the Caribbean.

Spanish Relationship with Natives

After expanding into present-day New Mexico and using local Puebloans as labor for maize crops, Spaniards faced the Pueblo revolt and lost after being outnumbered, leading to Spain's exile for 12 years.

Religious Tolerance in New Mexico

When Spain returned after 12 years, they had greater religious tolerance, allowing Puebloans to continue practicing their religion, resulting in religious syncretism and shaping New Mexican culture.

Use of African Slaves

Started using African slaves as their primary labor source rather than Natives.

Goals of French/Dutch Colonization

Trade with Native Americans and wanted a fur trade monopoly, and participate in a mercantilist economy.

French/Dutch Colonial Development

Few large settlements, with a few merchants/settlers participating in trade with Natives; Quebec founded in 1608 as the first permanent settlement.

Henry Hudson's Expedition

Led to the establishment of New Amsterdam.

Dutch West India Company

Dutch gave the Dutch West India Company control of the colony for economic and trading purposes.

French/Dutch Population in British Colonies

French and Dutch settlers made up 5% of the population by 1775, mostly including French protestants called Huguenots.

French Relationship with Natives

Often allied with their trading partners; French allied with the Algonquians and later helped them with their tribal war against the Iroquians.

Native American Conflicts

Native American tribes often fought over hunting grounds to participate in trade with the French and Dutch.

Goals of British Colonization

Push factors included a number of poor and landless people in Britain due to rapid population increase and economic depression, seeking new economic opportunities in the British colonies.

Religious Freedom in British Colonies

Groups like the Separatists and Puritans sought freedom of religion in the Americas after being prosecuted in Britain.

Resource Extraction in British Colonies

Extract resources and precious metals to enrich Britain.

Joint-Stock Companies

Reduced risk and spread profits of migration to the Americas, attracting settlers.

Types of British Colonies

Colonies were either proprietary, royal, or corporate.

Jamestown Struggles

First colonies like Jamestown struggled with starvation and conflicts with Native tribes, eventually cultivating tobacco as a major cash crop export to Europe.

Virginia's Labor Source

Virginia attracted single poor males from Britain to work as indentured servants on tobacco plantations.

Religious Groups in New England

Other colonies such as Plymouth and the New England colonies were colonized by religious groups.

Representative Governments in Colonies

Different colonies had different degrees of religious tolerance and some democratic ideas.

British-Native Conflicts

Conflicts with Natives resulted from British colonial expansion and cultural misunderstanding.

Metacom's War

Local native tribes allied with Native revolters and New Englanders; the war ended with the revolters being executed or exiled.

Chesapeake

Early British colonies along the Atlantic coast characterized by marshy soil, humid climate, and a focus on tobacco cultivation as a cash crop.

Environment of Chesapeake

Marshy soil & humid climate - not ideal for subsistence farming; diseases spread through insects (yellow fever, malaria) - early settlers died from disease and starvation.

Economics of Chesapeake

Tobacco was cultivated and became a cash crop/popular export to Europe; colonies became small plantations labored by indentured servants and some African slaves.

Headright system

A system used to bring indentured servants from England to the Chesapeake colonies.

Culture of Chesapeake

Followed the Anglican Church.

Demographics of Chesapeake

Mostly English people (plantation owners and indentured servants) with a few African slaves, which increased after Bacon's rebellion.

New England

Early British colonies characterized by healthier environments and a Puritan culture.

Environment of New England

Healthier - few disease carriers.

Economics of New England

Less large scale agriculture; farms produced just enough food to feed their families.

Culture of New England

Puritan - Cotton Mather was a prominent Puritan minister; strict religious intolerance.

Demographics of New England

14,000 Puritans migrated from England to the Americas in the 1630s - known as the GREAT MIGRATION; more families and egalitarian society.

Middle Colonies

Characterized by an ideal environment for cereal crops and timber, with a mixed economy.

Environment of Middle Colonies

Ideal environment for cereal crops and timber; good location for trade.

Economics of Middle Colonies

Proprietary colonies independently owned; mixed economy for farming and industry; not fond of slavery.

Culture of Middle Colonies

Quakerism - people are equal; religiously diverse with extended religious tolerance.

Demographics of Middle Colonies

Ethnically diverse.

Southern Colonies

Characterized by plantations and a focus on cash crops like sugar, rice, tobacco, and indigo.

Economics of Southern Colonies

Sugar became a profitable export; sugar cultivation is labor intensive, leading to the importation of enslaved Africans.

Culture of Southern Colonies

Followed the Anglican Church; Maryland had greater religious tolerance.

Demographics of Southern Colonies

Colonists, enslaved Africans, and debt prisoners.

Competition over resources

Competition between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.

Pueblo Revolt

A rebellion by the Puebloans against Spanish colonization in the Southwest United States, resulting in the death of 400 Spaniards and the driving out of 2,000 remaining Spaniards.

Religious Syncretism

The blending of different religious beliefs and practices, which occurred after Spain regained control of the Pueblo area in 1692.

Encomienda System

A labor system that Spain decreased after the Pueblo Revolt, which had forced local populations to work for Spanish landowners.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon in Virginia against Governor Berkley, driven by the frustrations of indentured servants over land promises and conflicts with Native Americans.

Shift to Enslaved Labor

The transition from using indentured servants to enslaved Africans as laborers in the colonies following Bacon's Rebellion.

Cultural Misunderstandings

Differences in perceptions of private property rights between English settlers and Native Americans, leading to conflict.

Division Among Natives

The fragmentation of Native tribes during Metacom's War, with some siding with English settlers and others with the rebellion.

Transatlantic Exchanges

Commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions between the British colonies and Great Britain that influenced colonial attitudes and resistance.

Political and Cultural Evolution

The development of new political and cultural attitudes among residents of the British colonies as they became more connected to Britain.

Indentured Servants

Laborers who were promised land in exchange for their work but faced unfulfilled promises, leading to tensions and rebellion.

Governor Berkley

The Virginia governor who opposed conflict with Native Americans and ignored the concerns of indentured servants.

Pueblo Customs

Cultural practices of the Puebloans that influenced New Mexican culture after the Pueblo Revolt.

Spanish Maize Crops

Crops cultivated by Spanish colonizers using forced labor from local Puebloans.

Execution of Rebels

The outcome of Metacom's War where English settlers executed Native rebels after winning the conflict.

Cultural Superiority

The belief held by both English settlers and Native tribes that their own culture and race were superior to the others.

Tension with Natives

The conflict arising from the belief that Native Americans were stealing pigs belonging to settlers, contributing to Bacon's Rebellion.

Allies from Trade Relationships

The formation of alliances during Metacom's War based on trade relationships and shared enemies between different tribes.

Livestock Damage

The impact of English livestock roaming onto Native lands and consuming their crops, contributing to the conflict.

Destruction of Towns

The result of Bacon's Rebellion where multiple towns were destroyed by the rebels.

John Locke

Reasoned that while the government is supreme, it must follow laws honoring basic rights of people because they are human; citizens have a right and obligation to revolt against governments that don't meet or protect their rights.

Great Awakening

A movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people, strongest during the 1730s and 1740s.

George Whitefield

Came from England to the colonies in 1739 and delivered rousing sermons that stressed that God would only save those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ.

Separation of Church and State

A call made by denominations competing with each other during the Great Awakening.

Salutary Neglect

A period from the 1720s to the 1760s when British officials overlooked colonists' violations of the Navigation Acts.

Navigation Acts

First of the Navigation Acts passed in 1681 aimed to control terms of trade between Britain and its colonies.

Consumer Revolution

As colonies developed, arts and literature from Europe gained popularity among rich plantation owners in the South and merchants in the North.

Georgian Style

Architectural style used in colonial homes, churches, and public buildings.

Stono Rebellion

A rebellion in South Carolina in 1739 led by a literate enslaved man named Jemmy against white colonists.

New York Conspiracy Trials of 1741

Trials where 13 fires broke out and white colonists accused enslaved people of revolt, resulting in the execution of 17 enslaved people.

Panic Among White Colonists

Spurred violence upon the enslaved population following the New York Conspiracy Trials.

Economic Impact of Slavery

Most slaves were transported to Barbados of the Caribbean to work on large sugar plantations, which involved intensive and dangerous labor.

Demographic of African Americans

By 1775, the African American population made up 20 percent of the colonial population, with 90 percent living in the Southern colonies.

Royal African Company

Created by English monarch Charles II to trade enslaved people and African goods, holding a monopoly on the slave trade until 1689.

African American Labor in New England

Outside of the South, African Americans worked a wider range of jobs including bricklayer or blacksmith due to more industrial states.

Colonial Colleges

First colonial colleges were sectarian, promoting the doctrines of a particular religious group, with Harvard founded by Puritans in 1636.

Emotionalism in Protestant Services

Became a common part of Protestant services during the Great Awakening.

Division within Churches

Caused by some supporting the teaching of 'New Lights' and others of 'Old Lights' during the Great Awakening.

Increased Nationalism

Regardless of social status or origin, American colonists shared a common experience that fostered increased nationalism and American culture.

Political Ideas from the Great Awakening

Prompted the colonies wanting independence from a higher authority.

Frequent Changes in British Government

Led to changes in the colonial relationship, including the release or elimination of James II's coercive measures by William and Mary.