Pathology of Female Genital Tract II: Diseases of Ovary and Fallopian Tube

Vocabulary flashcards covering non-neoplastic conditions, ovarian tumors, fallopian tube pathologies, and relevant diagnostics from Dr. Umar Mohammed's lecture.

Germinal epithelium

The single layer of cuboidal cells that covers each ovary, except where it attaches to the broad ligament of the uterus.

Corpora albicantia

Regressed, hyalinized corpora lutea that increase in frequency within the ovary as a female approaches menopause.

Menarche

The onset of menstruation between $10$ and $14$ years of age, which signifies the onset of female puberty.

Menopause

The cessation of menstruation representing primary failure of the ovary to respond to follicle-stimulating hormone ($\text{FSH}$) stimulation.

Follicular cysts

Physiologically enlarged non-neoplastic ovarian cysts measuring $1$ to $5\,\text{cm}$ in diameter that are lined by flattened granulosa cells.

Theca lutein cysts

Multiple ovarian cysts that develop in patients with trophoblastic neoplasms secreting human chorionic gonadotropin ($\text{hCG}$).

Polycystic ovary syndrome

A condition characterized by bilaterally enlarged ovaries, multiple outer subcapsular follicular cysts, absence of corpora lutea, and hyperplastic ovarian stroma.

Stein-Leventhal syndrome

A clinical symptom complex associated with polycystic ovary syndrome consisting of amenorrhea, infertility, and virilism.

CA 125

A serum tumor marker elevated specifically in patients with surface-derived malignant ovarian tumors.

Surface epithelial-stromal tumors

The most common group of primary ovarian neoplasms ($65\%$–$70\%$ overall frequency), accounting for $90\%$ of malignant ovarian tumors.

Germ cell tumors

Ovarian neoplasms originating from pluripotent germ cells that migrate from the yolk sac, representing $15\%$–$20\%$ of all ovarian tumors.

Sex cord-stromal tumors

Ovarian neoplasms originating from the ovarian stroma and sex cords, representing $5\%$–$10\%$ of all ovarian tumors.

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

A malignant surface epithelial tumor lined by ciliated cells and characterized histologically by psammoma bodies, which are dystrophically calcified tumor cells.

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

A condition caused by the intraperitoneal seeding of mucus-secreting cells from mucinous ovarian tumors.

Brenner tumor

A usually benign ovarian tumor composed of transitional-like epithelium arranged in nests known as Walthard's rests.

Rokitansky tubercle

A nipple-like structure within the wall of a mature cystic teratoma where ectodermal and other somatic derivatives are primarily concentrated.

Struma ovarii

A specialized monodermal teratoma composed entirely of mature thyroid tissue that can function and induce hyperthyroidism.

Ovarian carcinoid

A specialized monodermal teratoma arising from intestinal epithelium in a teratoma that secretes $5\text{-hydroxytryptamine}$ and causes carcinoid syndrome.

Dysgerminoma

The most common malignant ovarian germ cell tumor, associated with elevated serum $\text{LDH}$ and streak gonads in Turner's syndrome.

Yolk sac tumor

A malignant germ cell tumor occurring most commonly in girls under $4$ years of age, characterized by Schiller-Duval bodies and elevated $\alpha\text{-fetoprotein}$.

Meigs' syndrome

A clinical syndrome characterized by a benign ovarian thecoma-fibroma, ascites, and right-sided pleural effusion that regress following tumor excision.

Call-Exner bodies

Small, gland-like histological structures characteristic of granulosa-theca cell tumors, which are estrogen-secreting feminizing neoplasms.

Reinke crystals

Distinctive cytoplasmic crystal inclusions found in pure Leydig cell tumors.

Krukenberg tumor

A metastatic ovarian tumor containing signet-ring cells, typically arising from the hematogenous spread of primary gastric carcinoma.

Suppurative salpingitis

An acute purulent infection of the fallopian tubes, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae in more than $60\%$ of cases.

Tubal ectopic pregnancy

Implantation of a fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity, occurring most commonly within the broad ampullary portion of the fallopian tube.

Hematosalpinx

An accumulation of blood within the fallopian tube, most frequently resulting from a ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy.