Bio - M3 Cell Structure and Function

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers that provides structural support, cell shape, and cell movement

Actin filament

Microfilaments, one of three protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

Intermediate filament

Structural protein like keratin that makes up the cytoskeleton

Microtubules

Protein like tubulin that makes up the cytoskeleton

Nucleus

Organelle surrounded by double membrane of phospholipid bilayers. Contains DNA

Golgi apparatus

Modifies proteins after they have been synthesized by ribosomes. Shipping center of cell - receives and repackages proteins produced by ER

Endoplasmic reticulum

System of folded membranes that produce new proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Has ribosomes that make protein

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Site of lipid production

Vesicle

A small, fluid-filled sac within a cell or on the skin that serves various functions, including storage, transport, and metabolism

Mitochondria

Power house of a cell

Lysosome

Digestive enzyme that breaks down food molecules and recycles debris

Plant cell wall

Rigid structure that supports cell, made of cellulose

Vacuole

Stores water and nutrients in cell

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

Thylakoid

Flat discs that contains chlorophyll

Grana

Stack of thylakoid

Cytoplasm

Gelatinous, aqueous interior of a cell

Facilitated diffusion

Type of passive transport, doesn’t need ATP. Needs transport protein in membrane to tightly control transport

Simple diffusion

Passive movement of small, uncharged molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration directly across a cell membrane, without the use of energy or transport proteins

Diffusion

Passive process that attempts to evenly distribute molecules

Active transport

Moves molecules and ions against their concentration gradient. requires energy and carrier protein

Osmosis

Type of passive transport, can occur through simple or facilitated diffusion. Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Hypotonic solution

Has lower solute concentration than the cell, causing the cell to take in water and swell

Penicillin

Antibiotic that interferes with cell wall synthesis, preventing it from effectively counteracting osmotic water pressure and causing the cell to burst

Tonicity

How the concentration of a solution outside the cell affects the cell’s volume

Hypertonic solution

Solution with a higher solute concentration that the cell, causing the cell to lose water and shrink

Isotonic solution

Solution with the same solute concentration as the cell. Water flows equally in both directions

Cholesterol

Helps stabilize eukaryotic cell membrane

Prion

Abnormally folded protein that lacks DNA, replicates by converting normal proteins into abnormal forms. Causes tissue damage and fatal neurodegenerative diseases

Endosymbiosis

Symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the cells or organs of another, forming a mutualistic partnership essential for host’s survival and evolution

Gram-negative bacteria

Appears pink/red when dyed with Gram stain

Gram-positive bacteria

Appears purple when dyed with Gram stain

Intracellular fluid

Fluid within cells

Intercellular fluid

Fluid between cells