Diversity Midterm 2: Key Terms & Definitions in Sports

Movement of xylem sap

goes against gravity

transpiration pull

force of pulling from the xylem tissue

Transiration-Cohesion-Tension-Theory

Evaporation from mesophyll cells in the leaves produces a negative water potential gradient that causes water and minerals to move upwards from the roots through the xylem

As leaf dries out...

film of water is thinner

autotrophs

draw simple molecules from environment for nourishment

photosynthesis

form carbs, respiration, cellulose

herbaceous plants

80-85% water

Dry weight of plants

95% carbs

Mineral deficiency symptoms

-little nutrient element

-mesophyll is yellow between veins

Parasitism in plants

roots of parasite plant grow into host plant, takes nutrients

most limiting mineral element

Nitrogen (78% in atmosphere), not usable by plants but useful in soil (be aware of nitrogen cycle)

Environment N adaptation

Bogs, acid soil (not much N), carnivorous plants

N adaptations

-symbiosis w N fixing bacteria

-specific angiosperms (legumes)

-Rhizobium bacteria

-convert N to ammonia

-plants give carbs to Rhizobium

Nodulation

is a symbiotic interaction between soil bacteria and plant hosts, most notably between rhizobia and legumes. This interaction is important for plant hosts, since it enables them to access atmospheric nitrogen made available by the bacteria.

Rhizobium bacteria

bacterium found in soil that helps in fixing nitrogen in leguminous plants

Rubisco

enzyme that converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle (large subunit in plants)

male gametophyte (sperm)

pollen

female gametophyte (egg)

embryo sac

sepals (flower)

leaflike, protects flower bud

petals (flower)

attract pollinators

stamen (flower)

produces pollen

pistil (flower)

bears ovules --> ovules produce embryo sac

whorls (flower)

the formation floral organs are arranged in

angiosperm life cycle (step 1)

meiosis

angiosperm life cycle (step 2)

gametophyte development

angiosperm life cycle (step 3)

pollination

angiosperm life cycle (step 4)

fertilization

angiosperm life cycle (step 5)

embryo development

angiosperm life cycle (step 6)

seed formation

microspores

in anthers, develop into pollen

megaspores

in ovule, 3/4 abort, the surviving develop into embryo sac

pollination

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of pistil

abiotic pollination

nontargeted - needs lots of pollen: wind, water, etc.

biotic pollination

targeted - less pollen, but needs pollinator: birds, insects, bats, etc.

outcrossing

self-pollinating plant (hermaphrodites) --> inbreeding (mutations)

monoecy

unisexual flower, plants that are hermaphrodites (corn)

dioecy

separate male and female plants (asparagus)

self-incompatibility

if too similar, fertilization is blocked

double fertilization

2 sperms in each pollen, only in angiosperms

2 sperm in each pollen

1 fuses w egg = zygote, 1 fuses w central cell = endosperm

embryogenesis

the formation and development of an embryo

ovule

seed, contains embryo and endosperm, seed coat covers ovule

ovary

fruit, "a ripened, mature ovary"

fruit development

promotes dispersal of seeds in nature, fleshy fruits = animal eats and moves seed, dry fruits = mechanical dispersal

dormancy

embryp becomes mature, loses water, slow metabolism