descent with modification - hardy weinberg

gradualism

slow change over time to a population or species

uniformitarianism

the same geologic processes of yesterday are also occurring today

use and disuse

if a body part is used more, it will adapt to fit habitat better

inheritance of acquired characteristics

the modifications made in use and disuse can then be passed on to offspring

descent with modification

all organisms are related

natural selection

evolutionary adaptation is the accumulation of inherited characteristics. why does change happen?

natural selection observation 1

a population will continue to increase exponentially if reproduction is successful

natural selection observation 2

populations usually remain at a steady size

natural selection observation 3

resources are limited

natural selection inference 1

an increase in a population will result in competition for the limited resources

natural selection observation 4

characteristics in a population vary between individuals

natural selection observation 5

most of the variation in a population is heritable

natural selection inference 2

survival of an individual will have something to do with the traits that were inherited. Individuals more fit for a habitat are more likely to survive, win resources, and reproduce

natural selection inference 3

gradual change in a population where favorable traits accumulate will occur

gene pool

all alleles at all loci of a population

condition HWE 1

large pop size

condition HWE 2

no gene flow between populations

condition HWE 3

no mutations

condition HWE 4

random mating

condition HWE 5

no natural selection