c7 acids bases and salts

what ph indicator

a chemical that changes color based on ph, and universal indicator is a mixture of indicators that can show any ph

alkali vs base

a base is a substance that contains HO- ions that react with H+ ions in the acids to form water. an alkali is a base that can dissolve in water

what is ph in terms of ions

the lower the ph the higher the concentration of H+ ions and the higher the ph the higher concentration of OH- ions is

neutralization in terms of protons

since H+ is just a single proton, acids are a source of hydrogen ions and proton donors. therefore bases are proton acceptors since they have OH- ions that can accept the H+ ions to form H2O

what are the main reactions that form salt

acid + base → salt + water, acid + metal → hydrogen + salt, acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide

what happens when you react ammonia and acid

the ammonia reacts with the acid to form only ammonia salt

what happens when you dissolve a base or acid

the base ionizes and splits to form H+/OH- and another ion. this means the ions are now free and allow the solution to conduct electricity

weak vs strong acid

a weak acid is one that only releases some of its H+ ions resulting in a ph of 2-6 since only a small proportion of the molecule ionizes(CH3COOH → H+ + CH3COO-). Strong acids release all of their H+ ions meaning that a large proportion of the molecules is ionized(HCl → H+ + Cl-)

what elements form oxides of what acidity

elements on the left side form basic oxides and elements on the right side form acidic oxides

what are amphoteric oxides

they are oxides that react with both acids and bases to form salt and water. tend to be made from elements close to the divide between metals and non metals

what happens when you mix lead nitrate and magnesium sulfate

you form magnesium nitrate and lead sulfate, lead sulfate forming a precipitate since it is insoluble

describe the reaction to make copper sulfate

you heat sulfuric acid and add insoluble copper oxide in excess, then filter out the excess copper oxide, letting the solution of salt evaporate until the salt crystalizes.

what is a hydrated substance

a substance that contains water bonded into the substance

what’s the point of titrations

to understand how much alkali you need to neutralize a certain amount of acids to make soluble salts without contaminating them with excess acid or alkali