Anatomy First exam

Hierarchical Design

1. Chemistry of Life

2. Cell

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ System

6. Organism

5 Principal Tissues

Epithelial tissue, Connective/Structural tissue, Muscular tissue, Hematolymphoid Complex (blood), Nervous tissue

Name this

Epithelial

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Connective and Supporting

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Hematalymphoid Complex

Name this

Muscle Tissue

Name this

Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Cells held tightly together, found on internal and external surfaces of the body

Connective and Supporting Tissue

Connects and supports tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage. Less cells, more “Other Stuff.“

Hematolymphoid Complex

Blood and lymph of the body. Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, water.

Muscle Tissue

Proteins that contract

Nervous Tissue

Sends, receives, and processes signals. Control center of the body.

Avascular

Inability to carry blood supply. Epithelial Tissue.

Vascular

Ability to carry blood supply and carry out exchange. Connective Tissue

General Functions of Epithelial Tissues

1. Absorption

2. Protection

3. Secretion

4. Excretion

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Squamos (flat) epithelial cell

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Cuboidal epithelial cell

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Columnar epithelial cell

“Simple“

1 single layer of cells in a tissue

“Stratified“

2+ layers of cells in a tissue

Basal Lamina

Transitional layer between epithelial and connective tissue. Allows for filtration between layers and anchors epithelial to connective tissue.

Name this tissue

Simple squamos epithelium

• 1 layer thick

• flat cells

Endothelium

Simple squamos epithelium layer of specialized cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the heart

Mesothelium

Simple squamos epithelium layer that serves as a protective membrane made of a single layer of specialized cells that line the body's internal cavities and organs. Reduces friction and allows for easy exchange between systems.

Name this tissue

Simple cuboidal epithelium

• 1 layer

• cube shaped cells

found in lining of glands, function is secretion

Name this tissue

Simple Columnar Epithelium

• 1 layer

• column shaped cells

• can be ciliated or nonciliated

Found in inner lining of digestive system, function is absorption and secretion

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Psuedostratified columnar epithelium

• 1 layer technically

• can be ciliated or nonciliated, but only focus on ciliated

Found in lining of respiratory system, function is to secrete mucus and protect against air pollution. cilia moves mucus up, to get expelled or swallowed

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Stratified Squamos Epithelium

• Multiple layers

• Flat squished cells

• Keratinized or Nonkeratinized

Outer layer of skin, lining of mouth and esophogus. Function is to protect against abrasion, and prevent waterloss

Keratinized

Stratified squamos epithelium that has a thick, dead, outer layer of skin, filled with protein keratin. Epidermis of skin, palms, and soles of feet.

Non-keratinized

Simple squamos epithelium consists of living, nucleated cells all the way to the surface, and can stay moist. Found in oral cavity, esophagus, vaginal canal, and cornea

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Stratified cuboidal epithelium

• Multi-layer

• cube shaped cells

rare (A.K.A. not studied anywhere else in class.)

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Stratified Columnar Epithelium

• Multi-layer

• Top layer is Column shaped cells

• Can be cilliated or noncilliated

Rare, but function is protection.

Name this

Urothelium or Transitional Epithelium

• changes structure when in use versus not in use

• can stretch when full, and contract when empty.

• Multi-layered, to prevent exchange/waste passing through

Found in bladder/urinary system, function is to save space and transport urine.

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Mesenchymal cell

found during embryotic/fetal growth periods and can changes into different cells

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Fibroblast and/or Fibrocyte

Blast means “builder.“ These are the main cells or the connective tissue and are responsible for producing fiber components of the extracellular matrix

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Adipocyte

Fat cells. Used for energy storage, contain a lipid droplet.

Collagen Fiber

Non-branching protein fibers

• very strong and resistant againts pulling/tension

• Not good at resisting compression

Elastic Fiber

Highly branched, thin, stretchy fibers in the extracellular matrix.

• Recoil/retain original shape well

Loose connective tissue

Sparse network of random and loosely arranged fibers

Found everywhere; the most vascular tissue of the whole body, almost ALWAYS found uder epithelial tissue. Function is to hold body together and be vascular

Dense irregular connective tissue

Strong, resists tension from all directions

Found in dermis of skin, strong and resists tearing

Dense regular connective tissue

Organized layout, straight collagen, so when cells get pulled in one direction, everything is is alligned.

Found in tendons, so when muscle is activated, it only pulls the bone one direction

Elastic Connective tissue

Made completely of elastic fibers, no collagen. Lots of thin, branching fibers.

Found in walls of large blood vessel (Aorta). Expands to fit fast pumping blood and recoils to keep it moving and maintain structure/shape.

Reticular Tissue

Has rare collagen that branches, forming a net of collagen. This lets other cells to get caught.

Found in lymph nodes and red bone marrow. Filters out body, as pathogens get caught in net of lymphocytes in the lymph node, they get filtered out.

Adipose Tissue

Made up of adypocyte cells. Potentially distributed everywhere/everywhere there is fat. Loose connective tissue can turn into adipose tissue with fat gain. Function as energy storage and protection to the internal organs.

Integument

Covering organ system

• Epidermis

• Dermis

• Subcutaneous Tissue layer

Skin

Organ made up of the epidermis and dermis layer.

Functions of Integument System

• Sensory

• Excretion

• Thermoregulation

• Fat metabolism

• Exchange surface with environment

• Vitamin D production

• Sociosecual communication and identification

Epidermis

Type of epithelium tissue, Keratonized stratified squamos epithelium

• stratum basale

• stratum spinosa

• stratum granulosum

• stratum luciderm (palms and soles)

• Stratum Corneum

Stratum Basale

Lowest part of the Epidermis layer. Contains miotic spindle which divides skin cells and form strata/layers. Closest to connective tissue, so access to vascularity = living cells

Mytotic Spindle

Faciliates cell reproduction in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis

Stratum Spinosum

No longer healthy enough to divide, as they are too far from vascular supply. Cells start to get pushed up by newer dividing cells. Starts to build keratin.

Stratum Granulosum

Actively dying causing them to leak lipids, which creates waterproof barriers/makes skin hydrophobic. Cellas are rapidly flattening, making them take on spiny apprearance, which locks the cell membranes even tighter together.

Stratum Lucidum

Only in the thickest skin of the body, palms of hands and soles of feet. Devoid of hairs, and is often included in the stratum corneum

Stratum Corneum

The most outer layer of the epidermis, forms closely packed layers of dead cells. This allows for protection from abrasion.

Dermis

Second layer of the integument system. Has a superior layer of loose connective tissue, that brings vascularity to epidermis, and a dense irregular connective layer that creates toughness.

Papillary layer

Loost connective tissue, that is highly vascular. Papilla (nipple bumps) increase surface area, increasing the epidermis’ access to blood supply. Papilla also create finger prints.

Reticular Layer

Dense irregular connective tissue layer of the dermis. Creates very tough “leather“ layer of skin from thick nets of collagen. Creates cleavage lines in the skin that cause tears and stretch marks.

Subcutaneous Tissue

The lowest layer of the integument system, not technically apart of the skin organ however. This can be composed of adipose tissue or loos connective tissue, depending on fat content. Made up of a Fatty layer and Fibrous layer of collagen.

Hair Follicle

The space where the bulb of hair, root, and shaft form. This layer is conitnuous with epidermis, but not considered the same structure.

Arrector Pili Muscle

Smooth muscle that attaches epidermis to base of hair follicule, creating goose bumps

Skin glands

• Sebaceous holocrine gland - Sebum, oily natural lotion substance

• Eccrine Sweat gland - Produces sweat to cool your body

• Apocrine Sweat Gland - Armpits, anal, and genital regious. Peremonal sweat for mating.