Medical Terminology - Ch 11 Urology Urinary System

ur/o-

combining form meaning urinary system; urine

-logy

suffix meaning study of

Urology

the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system

Hilum

the indentation on the side of the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter connect

Minor calyx

a urine-collecting duct connected to the triangular tip of each medulla tissue

Major calyx

a larger duct in the kidney into which several minor calices drain

Renal pelvis

the central collecting region of the kidney where all major calices drain, which narrows to become the ureter

Ureter

a 12-inch tube that connects the renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder

Ureteral orifices

openings on the posterior side of the bladder where the ureters enter

cyst/o-

combining form meaning bladder; fluid-filled sac; semisolid cyst

vesic/o-

combining form meaning bladder; fluid-filled sac

Vesical

the adjective form of bladder

Rugae

mucous membrane folds in the bladder wall that allow it to expand as it fills

Urethra

a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Urethral meatus

the external opening of the urethra

Parenchyma

the working tissue of the kidney, made of nephrons

Nephron

the functional unit of the kidney and the site of urine production

Glomerulus

a network of intertwining capillaries within the nephron where filtration begins

Filtration

the process by which water, wastes, and nutrients are pushed through pores in the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule

Reabsorption

the second step in urine production where most water and nutrients move out of the tubule and back into the blood

Secretion

the process during which creatinine, metabolized drugs, and other substances move out of the blood and into the collecting duct

Micturition

a medical term that refers to eliminating urine from the body; also called urination or voiding

Renin

an enzyme released by the kidneys that raises blood pressure and stimulates angiotensin production

Erythropoietin

a hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production when red cell count decreases

Glomerulonephritis

infection and inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; occurs as a complication of acute viral or streptococcal infection

glomerul/o-

combining form meaning glomerulus

nephr/o-

combining form meaning kidney; nephron

-itis

suffix meaning infection of; inflammation of

Hydronephrosis

condition in which urine distends the renal pelvis and calices or ureter; occurs when a blood clot, infection, or stone blocks urine flow

hydr/o-

combining form meaning fluid; water

-osis

suffix meaning abnormal condition; process

Nephrolithiasis

formation of a kidney stone (calculus) in the urinary system; symptoms include renal colic, severe pain, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria

lith/o-

combining form meaning stone

-iasis

suffix meaning process or state

Nephropathy

general term for any disease of the kidney

Diabetic nephropathy

progressive kidney damage caused by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Glomerulosclerosis

hardening of the capillaries of the glomerulus caused by infection

-pathy

suffix meaning disease

Nephroptosis

abnormally low position of a kidney

-ptosis

suffix meaning state of drooping

Nephrotic syndrome

condition where damaged pores in glomerular capillaries allow large amounts of albumin into urine, changing osmotic pressure and causing tissue fluid shift

-tic

suffix meaning pertaining to

Polycystic kidney disease

hereditary disease characterized by cysts in the kidney that eventually destroy nephrons and cause kidney failure

poly-

prefix meaning many; much

-ic

suffix meaning pertaining to

Pyelonephritis

infection and inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney, caused by bacteria traveling upward from the bladder

pyel/o-

combining form meaning renal pelvis

Wilms tumor

a form of kidney cancer seen in children that develops from leftover embryonic or fetal tissue; also known as nephroblastoma

Acute kidney injury (AKI)

sudden loss of renal function usually due to trauma, blood loss, or overwhelming infection

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

gradual, progressive loss of renal function where renal insufficiency advances to renal failure

Uremia

condition in which there is an excessive buildup of urea in the blood due to renal failure

-emia

suffix meaning condition of the blood; substance in the blood

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

bacterial infection somewhere in the urinary tract, usually involving E. coli traveling from the rectum

Cystitis

infection or inflammation of the bladder, often due to bacterial infection

Interstitial cystitis

a chronic, progressive infection in which the bladder mucosa becomes irritated, red, and bleeding occurs

Radiation cystitis

a bladder inflammation side effect caused by radiation therapy treatment for bladder cancer

Cystocele

hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or rectum, causing urine retention

-cele

suffix meaning hernia

Incontinence

inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI)

involuntary urine leakage caused by weak pelvic floor muscles

in-

prefix meaning in; not; within

contin/o-

combining form meaning hold together

-ence

suffix meaning state

Neurogenic bladder

condition where nerves to the bladder do not work properly, preventing contraction and causing urinary retention

neur/o-

combining form meaning nerve

gen/o-

combining form meaning arising from; produced by

Overactive bladder

condition in which the bladder has too many involuntary contractions, resulting in urgency and frequency; also known as urge incontinence

Urinary retention

inability to empty the bladder due to obstruction, nerve damage, or drug side effects

postvoid residual

the large amount of urine that remains in the bladder even after it contracts

retent/o-

combining form meaning hold back; keep

-ion

suffix meaning action; condition

Vesicovaginal fistula

abnormal passageway connecting the bladder to the vagina, through which urine continually leaks out

vagin/o-

combining form meaning vagina

-al

suffix meaning pertaining to

Urethritis

infection or inflammation of the urethra, which can be gonococcal, nongonococcal, or nonspecific

urethr/o-

combining form meaning urethra

Albuminuria

presence of albumin in the urine (proteinuria) arising from glomerular capillary damage; an early sign of kidney disease or preeclampsia

albumin/o-

combining form meaning albumin

-ia

suffix meaning condition; state; thing

Anuria

complete absence of urine production by the kidneys

an-

prefix meaning not; without

Bacteriuria

presence of bacteria in the urine, indicative of infection somewhere in the urinary tract

bacteri/o-

combining form meaning bacterium

Dysuria

difficult or painful urination

dys-

prefix meaning abnormal; difficult; painful

Enuresis

involuntary release of urine in an otherwise normal person who should have bladder control

Nocturnal enuresis

involuntary urination during sleep; commonly known as bedwetting

enur/o-

combining form meaning urinate

-esis

suffix meaning abnormal condition; process

Frequency

urinating often, usually in small amounts

Glycosuria

presence of glucose in the urine, associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

glycos/o-

combining form meaning glucose; sugar

Hematuria

blood in the urine, which may be gross/frank (visible) or microscopic

hemat/o-

combining form meaning blood