Transfusion Medicine

Giving vampire :O

The therapeutic goals of tranfusions is ___ ___, ___ ___, and/or ___

tissue transplant, fluid replacement, support

Tissue replacement via transfusion is ___ and it is when they require cellular elements like ___ for the oxygen carrying capacity or ___ for increasing coagulation factors

temporary, RBC, platelets

Transfusion aim to replace fluids similar to a balanced fluid like ___ replenishing ___ and ___

LRS, volume, electrolytes

When aiming to support with transfusion is it done to correct ___ problems, but avoid any ___ transfusions to prevent hazards

primary, additional

Immunogenecity is the ability of a ___ substance to provoke an ___ response

foreign, immune

The ability of a foreign substance to provoke an immune response is ___

immunogenecity

Immunogenecity is caused by the substance’s ___ ___ or ___

cellular elements, proteins

Things to consider when choosing transfusion ___, and ___

immunogenecity, availability

The availability of a transfusion depends on factors like ___ ___ which can continue production, limited ___ which have regulated storage, and ___

living donors, banks, cost

Indications for transfusion, ___ ___ loss, ___, ___, and ___

acute blood, anemia, hemostasis, PCV

Acute blood loss could be due to ___, ___ or ___

trauma, sugery, coagulopathy

Anemia can have various ___, caution should be taken with anemia as it can cause ___ or ___

causes, dyspnea, weakness

Anemia can either ___ or ___ and transfusion may or may not be able to ___ 

acute, chronic, compensation

Giving a tranfusion to an anemic patient increases ___ carrying capacity

oxygen

When there is an issue with a patient’s hemostasis it could be due to lowered ___ due to things like IMTP, lowered ___ caused by diseases like von Willebrand.

number, function

Blood transfusion for platelets will require a ___ quantity as there are less platelets compared to RBC

large

PCV has three different types of lowered PCV ___ loss, ___ loss, and due to ___ ___

acute, chronic, hemolytic anemia

With acute loss it is possible that the PCV will appear ___ for up to ___ hrs

normal, 6

A PCV taken after acute loss can appear normal due to ___, and ___ contraction. The PCV will decrease after ___

vasoconstriction, splenic, redistribution

A PCV from acute loss can show as less than ___%

20

A chronic loss of PCV can be ___ by the patient due to changes to RBC. The value can be as less then ___%

tolerated, 12

With hemolytic anemia the PCV can be ___ to ___%

15-20

Clinical parameters for transfusion

TP, pulse pressure, respiratory character, MM color, CRT, urine production, CVP, arterial blood gases

Plastic bags for blood storage shoud be ___ to decrease the chance for contamination

closed

Multiple patients can use the ___ unit of blood

same

Plasma can be preserved via ___ and the clotting factors can last for ___ ___, and the albumin ___ ___

freezing, 1 year, 5 years

Plastic bags can be ___ unlike glass container for blood bags

seperate

Glass can ___ ___, and is an ___ system meaning that their is air in the system

damaged components, open

RBC can be kept as ___ aka pRBC, and is used in ___ patients.

packed, anemic

The dosage of RBC is ___-___ ___

6-10 ml/kg

Plasma is kept frozen at ___ ___

-30 Celcius

Plasma is transfused due for ___ ___ until it takes effect, and stops ___

clotting factors, hemorrhage

start giving clotting factors at ___-___ ___

6-10 ml/kg

Albumin is supplied starts at ___ ___

45 ml/kg

Transfusion isn’t effective for replenishing ___

albumin

cryoprecipitate comes from ___ ___

frozen plasma

Cryoprecipitate contains ___ ___ factor, factor ___, factor ___, and ___

Von Willebrand, VIII, XIII, fibrinogen

The cryoprecipitate dosage is at ___/___

1 unit/10 kg

Platelets are from whole blood and are very ___. It is kept at ___-___ celcius, and must be kept in a special ___, and should be continuously ___

delicate, 20-24, plastic, agitation

Keeping blood donors on campus is ___ and keeping cats on campus can cost ___-___ per year

expesive, 1200-1500

Outpatient donors are ___’s pets

clients

In some cases veterinary hospitals, will use ___ or ___ pets

employee, client

The numbers on DEA ___ on source

varies

There are ___ DEA groups recognized by international standards

8

The most important DEA are ___ and ___

1.1, 1.2

Typing sera cause be used for DEA ___-___

1.1-7

___ % of dogs are Dal DEA positive

93

Dalmations lack the ___ antigen

Dal

Alloantibodies are ___ occuring antibodies to RBC ___

naturally, antigens

If a dog is DEA 1.2 positive they will be DEA 1.1 ___

negative

DEA 1.1 has a strong antibody response which causes ___ ___ when reacting antigens

acute hemolysis

DEA 1.2 response to antigens is ___ ___

weak, agglutination

Although DEA 3,5,7 are present they are of ___ concern

minimal

The first transfusion of a dogs life has ___ concern as they do not have any ___ ___

minimal, natural alloantibodies

After a DEA-negative patient is given a DEA-positive transfusion they will undergo ___ and begin making antibodies

sensitization

Antibodies can take up to ___-___ ___ to produce

7-10 days

When DEA 1.1 is exposed to a negative patient they’ll create a ___ amount of antibodies when sensitized

large

Comparatively when exposing to DEA 1.2 to DEA 1.1 more antibodies will be made for ___

1.1

The transfusion reaction is due the the immunogenicity of the donation aka the ___ of the transfusion causing a reaction

antigens

After the first transfusion antibodies will be made and a DEA 1.1 negative patient’s reaction to transfusion will be ___ ___ within ___ - ___ ___

acute hemolysis, minutes-12 hours

After the first transfusion antibodies will be made and a DEA 1.2 negative patient transfusion will cause ___ ___

acute hemolysis

After the first transfusion antibodies will be made and a DEA 3, 5, or 7 negative patient will react to transfusion with ___ ___ within ___ - ___ ___

delayed hemolysis , 3-5 days

Tranfused RBC have a ___% survival rate after 24 hrs after will have a near ___ lifespan

70, normal

A natural RBC lifespan is ___-___ ___

107- 122 days

When a pregnant dam that is DEA negative is sensitized for DEA positive, then has DEA positive young, and the babies receive colostrum with DEA positive antibodies causes RBC destruction 

Neonatal isoerythrolysis

Cats blood type groups are ___, ___, and ___

A, B, AB

Type A blood is seen in ___, ___, and ___ ___ 90-99% of the time, and ___ are 100%

DSH, DLH, Maine Coon, siamese

DSH are often type ___ blood, ___-___% of the time

A, 90-99

DLH are often type ___ blood, ___-___% of the time

A, 90-99

Maine Coons are often type ___ blood, ___-___% of the time

A, 90-99

Siamese are often type ___ blood, ___% of the time

A, 100

Type B blood are commonly found in ___ and  ___ from   ___, or  ___, and are also found in  ___ and  ___  ___

DSH, DLH, west, australia, exotic, british, shorthair 

___ % of australian DSH and DLH are Type B blood

73

Type AB cats are ___

rare

Type A blood has alloantibodies against B which causes  ___ and  ___  ___

agglutinating, weak lysing

Type B blood has alloantibodies against A, and causes  ___  ___, and  ___  ___

strong agglutinating, strong lysing

Type AB has  ___ allo antibodies

alloantibodies

Unlike dogs the first transfusion in cats must be ___ properly, as they have ___

typed, alloantibodies

Cats don’t need sensitization as they have ___

alloantibodies

If a Type B cat receives typeblood,  ___  ___ will occur within  ___ , decrease  ___, cause  ___,  ___, and  ___

rapid destruction, 1.3 hrs, BP, emesis, depression, death

If a type A cat receives type B blood, they will experience  ___  ___ over  ___, and have  ___ signs compared to the inverse

slower destruction, 2.1 days, mild

Transfused RBC in cats if compatible will live ___- ___

29-39 days

Neonatal isoerythrolysis in cats only occurs in type ___ queens

B

Commonly seen on cats, there additional blood group in DSH called ___

mik

Cats with ___ blood types are compatible with mik

AB

Mik negative cats will produce ___ in response to sensitization

alloantibodies

There are ___ major groups of equine blood groups, and ___ recognized internationally

8,7

The 7 internationally recognized groups of equine blood is:

A, C, D, K, P, Q, U

Specific genes or two or more ___ determine equine blood type

alleles

In equines, there are more than ___ blood factors that bind to antigenic sites

30

The nomenclature for equine blood include uppercase which denotes the ___, and the lowercase includes the ___ or variable ___

system, factor, number

The primary interest when typing equine blood groups is preventing ___ and ___ ___

hymolysis, neonatal isoerythrolysis

Hemolysis occurs the most with ___ and ___, although the frequency is depends on the ___

Aa, Qa, breed

Neonatal isoerythrolysis occurs in the genotypes: ___,___,___, ___, ___, ___

Aa, Qa, Dc, Ua, Ab, Pa

Only ___ genotype has natural anti-allobodies in horses causing ___ ___ and ___

Ca, weak agglutinaiton, hemolysis

There are ___ major blood groups in bovines

11

The 11 major blood groups in bovines are:

A, B, C, F, J, L, M, R, S, T, Z

The bovine B blood group alone has over ___ antigens

60

The Bovine J group contains ___ in the body that are adsobed onto ___ which causes reactions

lipids, RBC

Calfs with the J group will not have the antigens the first ___ ___ after being born

6 months