Chemical Equilibrium Equations

Chemical Equilibrium

State where forward and backward reactions occur at equal rates

Forward-backward reaction

Reaction moving in both forward and backward directions

Reversible reaction

Reaction that can proceed in both forward and backward directions

Chemical equilibrium constant [in concentrations, KC]

Expression representing the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium constant [in partial pressures, KP]

Expression representing the ratio of product partial pressures to reactant partial pressures at equilibrium

Determining equilibrium constant [Problems]

Solving for equilibrium constant in various scenarios

Determining equilibrium concentration [Problems]

Calculating equilibrium concentrations in different equilibrium problems

Relation between KP & KC [in partial pressures]

Connection between equilibrium constants in concentrations and partial pressures

Reaction Quotient, Q

Expression used to determine the direction a reaction will shift to reach equilibrium

Le Châtelier's Principles

Principles stating how a system at equilibrium responds to changes in concentration, pressure, temperature, or inert substances

Rate (speed) of reaction

Measure of how fast a reaction occurs

Extent of reaction

Measure of the progress of a reaction

Dynamic equilibrium

State where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal

Equilibrium Constant

Value representing the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium

Water-gas-shift reaction

Reaction converting water and carbon monoxide to hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide

Equilibrium constant expression

Formula showing the relationship between reactant and product concentrations at equilibrium

Balanced chemical equation

Representation of a chemical reaction with equal numbers of atoms of each element on both sides

Equilibrium expression

Expression showing the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium

Quotient

Result of dividing one quantity by another

Equilibrium Constant Expression

Expression showing product over reactant concentrations at equilibrium

Large Kc

Kc ≫ 1 indicates forward reaction dominance at equilibrium

Small Kc

Kc ≪ 1 indicates reverse reaction dominance at equilibrium

Kc = 1

Equilibrium with neither direction dominance, reaction halfway

Kc Significance

Quantitative measure of reaction extent at equilibrium

Reverse Reaction

Inverting a chemical reaction changes the equilibrium constant

Coefficient Amplification

Multiplying reaction coefficients raises equilibrium constant

Summed Reactions

Combining reactions multiplies individual equilibrium constants

Partial Pressures

Total pressure from gas mixtures, proportional to concentration

Dalton's Law

Total pressure in gas mixture is sum of partial pressures

Law of Mass Action

Relates equilibrium concentrations to equilibrium constant

Partial Pressure

Pressure exerted by a component in a gas mixture.

Stoichiometric Coefficients

Numbers in a balanced chemical equation representing moles of reactants and products.

Heterogeneous Equilibrium

Equilibrium involving substances in different phases.

Net Change in Moles

Difference between moles of gaseous products and reactants in a reaction.

Molar Concentrations

Amounts of substances in a given volume of solution.

Pure Liquids and Solids

Substances that do not affect equilibrium concentrations in reactions.

Reaction Table

Chart detailing initial, change, and equilibrium concentrations in a chemical reaction.

Empirical Determination

Finding values experimentally rather than through calculation.

Reaction Quotient

Expression of reactant and product concentrations before equilibrium.

Reaction Coefficients

Numbers in a chemical equation representing the ratio of reactants and products.

Equilibrium Concentrations

Final amounts of reactants and products when a reaction reaches equilibrium.

Equilibrium Constant Calculation

Process of determining Kc or Kp using concentrations or partial pressures.