MICROBIOLAB Experiment 2

Why do we need microbes to observed it in their viable state (3)

Determine native form
Determine attachment
Determine motility

What are 2 methods for observing non-pathogenic microorganisms

Hanging-drop method
Wet mount method

What are 3 structures for motility

Cilia
Flagella
Pseudopodia

Motility mechanism for - Cilia

Sequential beating that exerts sideward motion propelling cell forward

Motility mechanism for - Flagella

Undulipodia movement of whip-structure allow cells to move forward and backward

Motility mechanism for - Pseudopodia

Cytoplasm bulges outward creating a forward motion

Incubation condition for hay infusion (2)

1-2 weeks
Away from direct sunlight

What are 4 types of eukaryotes

Protozoa
Rotifer
Algae
Tardigrade

What are 6 types of protozoa

Stramenophile
Alveolite
Parabasalis
Diplomonad
Euglenozoa
Amoebozoa

What are 3 types of alveolite

Cilliate
Amicomplexan
Dinoflagellate

What are 2 types of euglenozoa

Euglenid
Kinetoplastid

What are 2 types of stramenophile

Diatom
Golden algae

What are 2 types of amoebozoa

Gymnomoeba
Etnomoeba

Protozoans are predominantly _____, _____ organisms who are _____ that source their nutrients from other organic materials

unicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic

True or false. Protozoans lack a rigid cellulose cell wall

True

True or false. Protozoans do not need specialized locomotor in aquatic enivronments

False

_____ have a distinct dual nuclei and a reduced organelle called _____

Diplomonads, mitosome

What is mitosome

A reduced mitochondria that lacks ETC and Kreb’s cycle

True or false. ETC and kreb’s cycle can occur in mitosome

False

Give an example for diplomonad

Giardia lamblia

_____ are distinguished by the presence of a _____ body associated with golgi complex and contains _____ that produces H2 byproduct

Parabasalis, parabasal, hydrogenosomes

True or false. Hydrogenosomes can be found in diplomonad

False

Hydrogenosome produces energy through _____

anaerobic respiration

Euglenozoans are _____, _____ organism unified by the presence of a unique _____ running parallel within the _____

unicellular, protist, crystalline rod, flagellum

Euglena is a non _____ organism capable of _____ nutrition

pathological, mixotrophic

Euglenids are capable of mixotrophic nutrition because they possess _____ becoming a _____ in the light and transtition to _____ via _____ in the dark

chloroplasts, phototroph, heterotrophy, phagocytosis

_____ possesses a large oversized mitochondrion that houses a dense mass of DNA called ______

KInetoplastids, kinetoplasts

What is an example of pathogenic kinetoplastid

Leishmania major

Causative agent of leishmaniasis

Leismania major

_____ are defined by presence of membrane-bound sacs called _____ situated directly below the cytoplasmic membrane in charge of ____ regulation

Alveolates, alveoli, osmotic

Cilliate characteristics (2)

Covered in rows of short cilia
Nuclear dualism

What are the two parts that demonstrated cilliate nuclear dualism

Macronuclei
Micronuclei

What is micronuclei of cilliate for

Reproduction via conjugation

What is macronucli of cilliate for

Regulates somatic cell function

Give an example of cilliate

Paramecium

_____, such as paramecium are covered in dense rows of ____ that beat in coordinated ____ stroke to propel cell

Cilliates, short cilia, sideways

_____ features two flagella of _____ length that encircle the cell; as these flagella beat they induce a characteristic _____ motility

Dinoflagella, unequal, spinning

Give an example of dinoflagella

Gonyaulax

Neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates

Saxitoxin

_____ are obligate intracellular parasites that produce infectious resting cell sites called _____

Apicomplexans, sporozoites

Apicomplexans contain _____, a non-synthethic, degenerated remnant of _____

apicoplasts, chloroplast

What specie is the causative agent for malaria

Plasmodium species

Etymology of stramenophile

Stramen (Straw)
Pilos (Hair)

_____ are unicellular, phototrophic organisms encased within rigid cell walls made up of H2S called ____

Diatoms, unicellular, prototrophic, frustules

True or false. Diatoms have soft cell walls called frustules

False

2 classification of diatoms

Pennates
Centric forms

What is chemoorganotroph

Organisms that derive nutrients from organic transport rather than primary synthesis

Why dinobyron (golden algae) has a golden-brown pigmentation

High concentration of carotenoid pigment fucoxanthin stored in their chloroplasts

Another name for golden algae

Dinobyron

_____ are aquatic _____ defined by _____ movement, a mechanism where the cytoplasm continuously exerts outward to create forward motion called ____ or “false feet”

Amoebazoans, protists, amoeboid, pseudopodia

An example of non-pathogenic amoebazoan

Gymnomoeba

An example of pathogenic amoebazoan

Entomeoba

Example of a disease contracted from amoebazoan

Entomoeba histolytica

2 types of algae

Red algae
Green algae

_____ is a diverse group of _____ eukaryotes that are simple and smaller but same energy source as plants

Algae, photosynthethic

True or false. Algae can only reproduce asexually

False

Another term for red algae

Rhodophytes

Another term for green algae

Chlorophyte

True or false. Rhodophytes contain both chlorophyll A and B

False

True or false. Chlorophytes contain both chlorophyll A and B

True

True or False. Rhodophytes lack chlorophyll B

True

Rhodophytes stems its red appearance from the pigment _____

phycoerithrin

Example of red algae

Gelidium

Unicellular _____ contain both chlorophyll A & B

Chlorophyte

Cyanobacteria are oxygenic photosynthethic _____ that possess _____ ribosomes and a rigid _____ cell wall

prokaryotes, 70S, peptidoglycan

What are thylakoids

Stacked membrane arrays that houses internal photosynthethic pigments

True or False. Pseudopodia is used for motility and phagocytosis

True

What are 5 morphological groups of cyanobacteria

Unicellular, dividing in binary fission

Unicellular, dividing in multiple fission

Filamentous with nitrogen-fixing heterocysts

Filamentous with no heterocysts

Branching filamentous species

Rotifers are microscopic, transparent, multicellular, _____ animals frequently found in _____ ecosystems.

eukaryotic, freshwater

Characteristics of rotifers (4)

Microscopic
Transparent
Multicellular
Eukaryotic

Most distinct feature of rotifers

Corona

Rotifers use their corona for _____ and _____

Motility and filter-feeding

True or false. Rotifer coronas are used only for motility

False

Internally, rotifers possess specialized digestive organs including a muscular pharynx called _____, a jaw-like grinding structures called ____, a complete gut, _____ for photoreception, and the capacity to form resistant _____ to survive adverse environmental conditions

mastax, trophi, red eye spots, spores

_____ are also known as water-bears

Tardigrade

_____ are microscopic invertebrate structures capable of surviving extreme _____ conditions with temperatures at _____

Tardigrade, cold, -200C

True or false. Tardigrades reproduce asexually and sexually

True

Tardigrades belong to which phylum

Chordate

Describe rotifer coronas

Crown of cillia located on the anterior end

What is lichen

A unique composite organism that formed a symbiotic relationship

Lichen is a combination of _____ & _____

Fungus (symbiont)
Photosynthethic microbe (photobiont)

Desmids are semicells joined together by a narrow bridge called _____

isthmus

The red alga genus used for agar is called _____ & _____

Gelidium, Gracilaria

Cilliates reproduce both asexually and sexually through _____ and _____

conjugation, binary fission