PDHPE- core 2 skeletal system

what are the five types of bones?

long, flat, short, irregular, sesamoid

an example of a long bone?

femur

an example of a flat bone?

cranium, ribs, sternum

an example of a short bone?

metacarpals

an example of a irregular bone?

vertebrae

an example of a sesamoid bone?

patella

function of long bones

provide strength, structure, and mobility.

function of flat bones?

protect internal organs

function of short bones?

strength, stability, and support with little movement.

funciton of irregular bones?

protecting nerves

function of sesamoid bones?

relieve tension within muscles and tendons, allowing for increased weight-bearing, and protecting from injury.

what is the function of the skeletal system?

structure, protecting, blood cell production, movement, mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus), storage of energy

what is a fibrous joint?

an unmovable joint eg cranium

what is a cartilagenous joint?

a semi moveable joint eg vertabrae

what is a synovial joint?

a moveable joint eg patella

function of a synovial joint?

to prevent friction between the articulating bones of the joint cavity

what are the four main structures of a synovial joint?

ligament, tendons, synovial fluid, articular cartilage

ligament function?

connects bone to bone, stabilize the joint

tendon function?

connects muscle to bone, facilitating movement around a joint

synovial fluid function?

reduce friction between the articular cartilages of synovial joints during movement, also provides nutrients

articular cartilage function?

provide a smooth, lubricated surface for low friction articulation

what are the types of synovial joints?

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

what is a plane joint?

permit sliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces, eg metatarsals and metacarpals

what is a hinge joint?

allows flexion and extension, eg elbow and knee

what is a pivot joint?

allows a body part to rotate around one point eg vertebrae in neck

what is a condyloid joint?

allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements eg the wrist

what is saddle joint?

flexion and extension, abduction and adduction as well as circumduction eg the thumb

what is a ball and socket joint?

abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction. eg shoulder and hip

what are the joint actions ?

flexion + extension

adduction + abduction

circumduction + rotation

dorsiflexion + plantarflexion

pronation + supination

inversion + eversion

elevation + depression

protraction + retraction

what is flexion?

the decrease in angle between two bones eg upwards phase of bicep curl

what is extension?

the increase in angle between two bones eg downwards phase of bicep curl

what is adduction?

moving towards the midline of the body eg inwards part of a starjump

what is abduction?

moving away from the midline of the body eg outwards part of starjump

what is circumduction?

a circular movement including adduction, abduction, flexion and extension eg bowling in cricket

what is rotation?

movement of a bone around one axis eg shaking head

what is dorsiflexion?

the flexion of the sole of the foot upwards eg flexing the foot

what is plantarflexion?

the flexion of the sole of the foot downwards eg pointing the feet

what is pronation?

the movement of the arm so the palm faces downwards

what is supination?

the movement of the arm so the palm faces upwards

what is inversion?

the movement of the sole towards the midline of the body

what is eversion?

the movement of the sole away from the midline of the body

what is elevation?

the movement of the shoulders upwards

what is depression?

the movement of the shoulders downwards

what is protraction?

the movement forward

what is retraction?

the movement backwards