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what are the five types of bones?
long, flat, short, irregular, sesamoid
an example of a long bone?
femur
an example of a flat bone?
cranium, ribs, sternum
an example of a short bone?
metacarpals
an example of a irregular bone?
vertebrae
an example of a sesamoid bone?
patella
function of long bones
provide strength, structure, and mobility.
function of flat bones?
protect internal organs
function of short bones?
strength, stability, and support with little movement.
funciton of irregular bones?
protecting nerves
function of sesamoid bones?
relieve tension within muscles and tendons, allowing for increased weight-bearing, and protecting from injury.
what is the function of the skeletal system?
structure, protecting, blood cell production, movement, mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus), storage of energy
what is a fibrous joint?
an unmovable joint eg cranium
what is a cartilagenous joint?
a semi moveable joint eg vertabrae
what is a synovial joint?
a moveable joint eg patella
function of a synovial joint?
to prevent friction between the articulating bones of the joint cavity
what are the four main structures of a synovial joint?
ligament, tendons, synovial fluid, articular cartilage
ligament function?
connects bone to bone, stabilize the joint
tendon function?
connects muscle to bone, facilitating movement around a joint
synovial fluid function?
reduce friction between the articular cartilages of synovial joints during movement, also provides nutrients
articular cartilage function?
provide a smooth, lubricated surface for low friction articulation
what are the types of synovial joints?
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
what is a plane joint?
permit sliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces, eg metatarsals and metacarpals
what is a hinge joint?
allows flexion and extension, eg elbow and knee
what is a pivot joint?
allows a body part to rotate around one point eg vertebrae in neck
what is a condyloid joint?
allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements eg the wrist
what is saddle joint?
flexion and extension, abduction and adduction as well as circumduction eg the thumb
what is a ball and socket joint?
abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction. eg shoulder and hip
what are the joint actions ?
flexion + extension
adduction + abduction
circumduction + rotation
dorsiflexion + plantarflexion
pronation + supination
inversion + eversion
elevation + depression
protraction + retraction
what is flexion?
the decrease in angle between two bones eg upwards phase of bicep curl
what is extension?
the increase in angle between two bones eg downwards phase of bicep curl
what is adduction?
moving towards the midline of the body eg inwards part of a starjump
what is abduction?
moving away from the midline of the body eg outwards part of starjump
what is circumduction?
a circular movement including adduction, abduction, flexion and extension eg bowling in cricket
what is rotation?
movement of a bone around one axis eg shaking head
what is dorsiflexion?
the flexion of the sole of the foot upwards eg flexing the foot
what is plantarflexion?
the flexion of the sole of the foot downwards eg pointing the feet
what is pronation?
the movement of the arm so the palm faces downwards
what is supination?
the movement of the arm so the palm faces upwards
what is inversion?
the movement of the sole towards the midline of the body
what is eversion?
the movement of the sole away from the midline of the body
what is elevation?
the movement of the shoulders upwards
what is depression?
the movement of the shoulders downwards
what is protraction?
the movement forward
what is retraction?
the movement backwards