biology 10 test review chapter 9-10

reminder: this is js what we went over in class, so its not everything on the test

teeth

organs that cut, break, or crush food into smaller pieces so that it may be more easily digested

mastication

the process of chewing; breaks the food into small particles and increases the surface area of the food and thus aids digestion

pharynx

another word for the throat; funnel-shaped cavity at the back of the oral cavity

dental caries

most common disease in man

peristalsis

rhythmic wave of muscular contractions that moves food through the digestive tract

esophagus

25 cm long muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach; lies behind the trachea (windpipe)

epiglottis

small flap of cartilage in the pharynx that closes the top of the trachea during swallowing

stomach

muscular digestive organ that thoroughly mixes food with digestive juices; sac-like, j-shaped storage structure

liver

large abdominal organ that functions as the body’s chemical factory; produces bile; filters blood; and stores glycogen, vitamins, minerals, and reserve blood

gallbladder

sac-like organ that stores bile

small intestine

the primary organ of digestion and absorption; long tube constructed of two layers of muscle; one layer of muscle runs lengthwise, and the other encircles the intestine

villi

tiny hair-like projections of the small intestine whose primary function is to absorb digested food

insulin

pancreatic hormone that signals the liver and muscles to remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen

urea

waste substance made from excess amino acids

appendicitis

when the appendix becomes infected and requires surgery

duodenum

absorption

the movement of water, digested food, and other dissolved substances into the bloodstream

• botulism

• salmonellosis

• typhoid fever

ulcer

open sore in the mucous membrane resulting from the breakdown of tissues

dysentery

a painful infection of the colon that can be caused by bacteria, protozoa, or viruses

colon cancer

one of the most common forms of cancer in america; up to 95% curable when detected early

cardiovascular system

circulatory system; what the heart, blood vessels, and blood make up

plasma

straw-colored liquid part of the blood; makes up majority of your blood (55%)

circulatory shock

condition when the body’s blood pressure falls to a critical low

hemoglobin

special iron-containing blood protein that binds easily to oxygen and gives blood its characteristic red color

erythrocytes

what’s another word for red blood cells?

anemia

disorder resulting from too little oxygen being transported to body cells

red bone marrow

fill in the blank

red blood cells and all other blood cells are produced in the ____ _______ _________

spleen

hand-sized lymphatic organ that holds a large emergency supply of blood and red blood cells; cleans the blood of the microbes and works with the liver to destroy old, worn out red blood cells

leukocytes

what’s another word for white blood cells?

immune

fill in the blank

white blood cells are blood cells that function as part of the ___________ system, helping the body fight disease

leukemia

form of cancer in which white blood cells are produced in uncontrolled numbers

platelets

tiny disk-shaped cell fragments produced in the bone marrow to serve as patch kits

antigens

carbohydrate molecule on the surface of a cell that functions as an identification tag

hemophilia

an inherited disease that results in the partial or complete inability to form blood clots; caused by a hereditary defect in one of several blood proteins involved in blood clot formation