ap psycology chapter 16

psychiatrist

Medical doctors who have complete special training in the treatment of psychological disorders; can prescribe medications

psychologist

People who have completed a masters or usually doctoral degree in clinical or counseling psychology and who may have received additional speciality training Clinical: may neer work directly with patients; indirectly helps patients; performing test (medication, therapy, etc) Couseling: talk therapy

psychotherapy

The treatment of psychological disorders through talking about problems and exploring new ways of thinking and acting

psychoanalysis

A method of psychotherapy that seeks to help clients gain insight by recognizing and understanding unconscious thoughts and emotions; generally takes a long amount of time (free association, transference, manifest and latent content in dreams)

eclectic approach/therapy

open to many types of treatment

free association

talking about what ever comes to mind any thing and everything

transference

what emotions about people, places, and things transfer onto the therapist

psychodynamic approach

A method of psychotherapy that focus on recognizig and understanding the unconscious but aims to provide benefits in a short amount of time; the therapist is more active (object relations, interpersonal)

latent vs manifest content

latent- hidden content of your dreams, true meaning

manifest content- what you remember about your dreams

object relations

relationships with others creates problems, childhood, parents, siblings, friends

interpersonal therapy

overcome and explor conflicts stemming from current relationships

humanistic psychotherapy

A method os psychotherapy in which treatments help clients recognize, understand, and possible restart their innate drie toward personal growth and potential (client centered therapy, gestalt therapy)

client- centered therapy

Person centered; must hae unconditional positive regard, empathy, reflection, and congruence; assume that a client has a drie toward self-actualization

unconditional positive regard

acceptance; no judgement

empathy

feeling for one another

reflection

rephrasing, checking for understanding

congruence

to be genuine/honest

gestalt therapy

analyzing body language, more confrontational

behavior therapy

Uses the principles of classical conditioning to chang ebahavior by helping or teaching clients to act and think differently

behavior modification

similar to operant conditioning to change behavior

systematic desensitization

classical conditioning, taking things step by step

vertual reality graded exposure

fear producing stimuli

modeling

client can learn new behaviors by watching

assertiveness and social skills training

which therapy techneach helps clients be more forward and open

positive reinforcement

immediate praise after completing a task

token economy

things that can be exchanged for extended privileges

extinction

not doing anything about it, ignore the problem

punishment

negative consequence that follows and behavior

aversion/aversive conditioning

A behavior therapy based on classical conditioning, associated the undesirable behavior with an unpleasant physical feeling

exposure techniques

Behavior therapy methods in which clients remain in the presence of strong anxiety-provoking stimuli until the intensity of their emotional reactions decrease

flooding

a client is placed in a feared but harmless situation

cognitive behavior therapy

Attempts to pinpoint thought patterns that lead to depression, anger, or anxiety; once these thoughts are regognized, they can be eliminated and replaced with more constructive thought patterns

rational emotive behavior therapy REBT

abc’s of a situation , activating event, belief and consequences, tends to be more direct

stress inoculation training

preparing in advance to confront feared situations

cognitive therapy

Consists of a type of cognitice restructuring in which a client see that her or his depression is due in part to erroneous and illogical thought patterns

beck’s cognitive therapy

fosters a relationship with the patient and helps them find the answers

mindfulness based cognitive therapy

Participating in exercieses that promote positive emotions, such as meditation

family therapy

two or more individuals from the same family

couples therapy

communication between partners

group therapy

5-10 people, client feels less alone

clinically significant

the change is not just a seen result, people feel the change

statistically significant

the results did not come by choice

breach of confidentially examples

Discussing client by name to other therapists or family members; telling others what the person said in therapy (unless one of the conditions fro leagal violation of confidentiality apply)

when can a therapist talk about someones therapy?

When consulting with other therapist but not using their name (okay)

ethical standards for the APA

Forbid sexual relationship, cofidentiality, required to inform that others might gain access tot thei emails and no formal client-therapist relationship eists in emails

empirically supported therapies EST’s

Treatment whose effect habe been alidated by controlled experimental research

biological therapies

drugs, ETC, psychosurgery

drug therapy

taking drugs

antipsychotics/neuroleptics

used to treat symptoms of schizohrenia

tardive dyskinesia

Uncontrollable, repetitive actions (twitching of face, flailing of arms/legs, thrusting of tongue

clozapine

For schizophrenia, reduces psychotic symptoms; less likely to cause moement disorders; may be fatal blood disease

antidepressant

Increase levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, are useful in treating depression

prozac

One of the most prominent group of antidepressants called fluoxetine; milder side effects

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Used to treat many cases of depression, especialy clients who experience panic disorder

tricyclic antidepressants

Have been prescribed more frequently than MAOI drugs becasue they seem to work somewhat bettter and have fewer side effects in treating depression and can also reduce the severity of panic attacks in some cases of panic disorder

lithium and anticonvulsants

Taken regularly, could prevent mania associated with bipolar disorder

anxiolytics

Drugs that reduce feeling f anxiety (GAD and PTSD)

EST/ECT

Today used to help people with severe depression; shock therapy

prefrontal lobotomy

When they would stick something in your head and cut out part of the brain

psychosurgery

Surgical procedures to destroy disuse in the brain in an effort to treat psychological disorders

community psychology

Minimize or prevent disorders through changes in social systems

aptidude tests

Assess your potential to learn or performed in the future (SAT/ACT)

achievement tests

what you learned so far (quizzes)

psychometric approach

A way of studying intelligence and emphasizes analysis of the products of intelligence especially sources on intelligence tests (scores on IQ tests)

fluid intelligence

basic power of reasoning and problem solving 

crystallized intelligence

specific knowledge gained as a result of applying fluid intelligence

triarchic theory of intelligence

analytic is intelligence, creative is intelligence used to compose music, and practical is street smart

cross sectional study

Compares data collected at the same point in time from different people

longitudinal study

People are repeatedly tested as they grow older

divergent thinking

Ability to come up with multiple solutions to a problem

convergent thing

Ability to apply logic and knowledge to narrow down the number of possible solutions

instinct theory

Motivation comes from inside and is automatic and unlearned

evolutionary approach

Suggests that wide range of behavior tendencies have evolved partly because over centuries those tendencies were for promoting survival

drive reduction theory

A theory of motivation stating that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis

incentive theory

Behavior is guided by the lure of positive incentive and the avoidance of negative incentives

optimal-arousal theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli

opponent processing theory

Opposite response to a stimulus

james lange theory

Event→ arousal → interpret this arousal → emotion (just notice it)

schachter singer theory

Event → arousal → reasoning → emotion (why, realization) think about arousal

cannon bard theory

Due to the brain (amygdala) automatic and the event → arousal and emotion *these happen at the same time

lazarus theory

Event and thought about the event → emotion and arousal *these happen at the same time

maturation

natural growth of change (physical) that unfolds in a fixed sequence (without outside help/independet of the environment); physical milestones

critical period

a time in a childs life when they are very moldable

assimilation

The process of using existing schemas to fit new ones (example: vitamins taste like candy because kids like candy)

accommodation

The processing of changing schemas when familiar ones do not work (example: child with a positive “doggie” schema meets a barking/snarling stray; child changes schema to distinguish between friendly dogs and aggressive ones)

resilience

A characteristic that permits normal, successful development in spite of severe environmental risk factors

gender roles

The general patterns of work, appearance, and behaior associated with being male or female (created by others/society)

gender schemas

The generalizations children develop about what tous, activities, and occupations are “appropriate” for males and for females (created by you/onself)

preconventional

Stage of moral development (kohlberg) not yet based on conventions/rules that guide social behavior 

1. Avoid punishment: he should not steal because he will get in trouble 

2. Serve one’s own needs as an exchange for something good (reward): he should steal to gain the reward of saving his wifes life

conventional

Stage of moral development (kohlberg) reflects the understanding of the conentions/rules that exist with moral behvior 

1. Pleasing others is good: he should steal because his family will praise him/ he should not steal because others might look down upon him 

2. rule/laws/order: he should not steal because stealing is against the law

postconventional

Stage of moral development (kohlberg) judgments are based on personal standards or universal principles of justice, equality, and respect for human life 

1. Voluntary commitment of the rules: he should steal the drug because it will be used to save someones life (rules can be cent in certain situations) 

2. Truly, ethically right (putting society over yourself): he should not steal because society comes first/he should steal because wife is really important in society