Key Concepts from Philippine History Lecture Notes

Flashcards covering essential terms and concepts from Philippine history lectures.

Dato

The chief or ruler who governs a Barangay, typically overseeing 30-100 houses.

Maharlicas

Noble freemen in Tagalog society who do not have to pay taxes.

Aliping Namamahay

A class of individuals with their own properties but required to serve their masters, who cannot be treated as slaves.

Aliping sa Guiguilir

Individuals who serve their masters in their households and lands and can be sold off.

Simbahan

Means temple or place of adoration in the Tagalog religion.

Pandot

A festival or worship ceremony celebrated in the chief's house.

Nagaanitos

The act of worship performed by a whole barangay or family.

Badhala

An idol representing the 'all powerful' or 'maker of all things' in Tagalog worship.

Maca

The Tagalog term for 'paradise' or 'village of rest' after death.

Casanaan

A place associated with punishment, grief, and affliction.

Vibits and Tigabalaang

Terms referring to ghosts and phantoms, respectively, in Tagalog beliefs.

Cavite Mutiny

For the Filipinos, it was a small labor protest. For the Spanish, they exaggerated it as a major rebellion against them, and a planned uprising for a broader revolution.

Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo

“"Iron Fist” Spanish military officer who succeeded the liberal Carlos Maria De La Torre on April 4,1871. Exaggerated the Cavite Mutiny as a full-scale conspiracy. Believing that the Liberal ideas from EU and local conspiracies by priests caused the uprising, accusing GomBurZa as the mastermind as written on his Jan 23, 1872 report to the Spanish Ministry of War.

GomBurZa

The three Filipino priests—Mariano Gómez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora—, and another, Francisco Saldua was given strangling order on Feb 5 then later executed by the Spanish on Febraury 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan symbolizing the repression of Filipino nationalism.

Cedula System

A tax identification system established during Spanish colonial rule, requiring all residents (except Chinese, remontados d infieles) over 18 to obtain a cedula. | Taxes ranged from 1.50-25 pesos. | Main source of government income yielding 5-7M PHP per year. | Mandatory for transactions | No cedula = imprisonment.

Tributo

The general tax paid by Filipinos under Spanish rule worth 8 Reales. Applied to men ages 18-50, skilled, and town workers.

Polo y Servicio

A system of forced labor requiring able-bodied males (Polistas) aged 16-60 to work without pay. Fallas (fines) can excempt this, as well as being a gobernadorcillo, principalia, and cabeza de barangay.

Simony

The illegal trade of church roles or spiritual beliefs for money or favors.

(Name it!) Revolts Against the Tribute

Cagayan and Dinagras (1589), Agustin Sumuroy (1649-1650), Franciso Maniago (1660-1661), and Andres Malong Revolt (1660-1661) are examples.

Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan

KKK or Anak ng Bayan. A revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio, Deodato Arellano, Ladislao Diwa, Valentin Diaz, Jose Dizon, and Teodoro Plata on July 7, 1892 to fight for Philippine independence from Spanish rule.

Customs of The Tagalog

Written Narrative by Juan de Plasencia as an answer to the monarchy’s request, and as an info-gather regarding the “Indios”

Catolonan

Officiating priest in pre-colonial Philippine rituals and acts as a mediator for the living and spiritual realm. Can be possessed by devils. Sings poetic songs, and bathes the blindfolded young girls for good marital, and fertility fortune.

Views on Afterlife

4-day mourning, in a pier/coffin, under a porch, beside their house, and will be watched over by a slave.

Juan Luna

Filipino painter, sculptor, and activist of the Phil. Revolution during the late 19th century. Amazing rendition of classical subjects in acad works. Historical scenes, portraits, realism depict social inequalities. Painted Spolarium and The Parisian Life.

Spolarium

Oil on canvas painting by Juan Luna. Gold medal prize from Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes. Largest painting in the Philippines 4.22×7.675 meters in length Depicting gladiators dying, being stripped of their weapons and garments.

The Parisian Life

Interior d’un Cafe,1892 painting of Juan Luna, depicting a glimpse of a life into a Parisian prostitute woman, depicting a subtle lonesome fallen womanhood.

Patianac

Pre-colonial superstition about a cursed woman and child who died at giving labour. Cries, and lamenting could be heard at night.

Tingues

Highlands

Sibi

Temporary shed

Sorihile

Small lamposts

Fernando Amorsoolo

Grand Old Man of Philippine Art. First national artist of the PH. Portraitist and painter of rural Philippine landscapes. Impressionistic technique in lighting and backlighting. Painted Palay Maiden and Antipolo Fiesta.

Jose Montero y Vidal

Spanish Historian, Writer, Geographer, and Historian. Wrote a book about his biased take on the Mutiny to emphasize Spanish superiority and justify repression. Viewed the Mutiny as a planned conspiracy in attempting to overthrow the Spanish colonizers in the PH and its govt through a broader revolution. Blamed Filipino priests for inciting the uprising.

Izquierdo’s Version on The Revolutionary Plan

Expected a political goal of establishing a New Government ruled by a priest than a trad. ruler (Jose Burgos or Jacinto Zamora).Rebels planning a coordinated uprising in Cavite and Manila. Setting fire to district of Tondo, Seizing Fort Santiago, Fire cannon signals, etc.

Cumplase

Political power of GovGens to revise/suspend a royal decree/order if it benefits the country(PH).

Signals for Uprising

Rocket Firing from the walls of the City | Montero’s Ver.
Fire Cannons + Lantern Signals | Izquierdo’s Ver.
Fiesta Fireworks from Patron Saint Virgen of Loreto Sampaloc Parish | Mistaken signal in Montero’s Ver.

Root Causes for Uprising | Izquierdo’s Ver.

Spanish Govt. didn’t pay for the tobacco crops. Corrupt officials forced crop owners to sell at a loss. Made Cavite Arsenal workers pay tribute and render services (forced labor).

Root Causes for the Uprising | Montero’s Ver.

Cavite Arsenal laborer privileges were revoked under new GovGen, rendering forced labor. Propaganda from press on EU, secular priests, and La Torre’s liberal ideas.

Involved Instigators | Spanish Ver

Native clergy, mestizos, native lawyers(abogadillos)

Root Cause of Uprising | Tavera’s (Fil) Ver.

Abolition of Privileges for Fil soldiers and laborers. Paying tax, and working without extra pay. Therefore, a Laborer Protest.

Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

Filpino Scientist, Scholar, Historial researcher, nationalism advocate. Wrote Historia de la Revolucion Filipina. Asserting that the Mutiny was a labor protest than a revolution, and that it was an excuse to eliminate Filipino Reformists.

First Cry of Revolution

With 4 accounts, and 4 different dates, location, and writer perspectives: Cry of Pugad Lawin, Bahay Torom Balintawak, and Gregora de Jesus’ version.

Cry of Bahay Toro, QC

Santiago Alvarez | August 24, 1896 | Filipino Revolutionary | KKK member | Gregoria’s Relative | Locates key gathering at the barn of Kabesang Melchora, Sampalukan, Bahay Toro, @BLTWK | 500 Katipuneros joined Andres. August 24 Barn meeting @12NN “Mabuhay and mga anak ng bayan!”

Gregoria de Jesus’ Version | Pasong Tamo, Caloocan

Andres’ Wife | August 25, 1896 | Key role safeguarding secret documents of KKK | KKK fled to Caloocan, Gregoria +Fam were watched by Spanish agents, Andres+co. left town. Was with parents when she heard from her friends about the Cry near Caloocan.

Cry of Balintawak, near MNL

General Guillremo Masangkay | Eyewitness | Andres’ Childhood friend | August 26, 1896 | They gathered at Apolonio Samson’s house @BLNTWK discussing plans. Was also a meeting point for K’s fleeing from authorities after KKK was exposed on Aug 19. | Cedula Tearing by Andres, in front of everyone to reject Spanish Rule. “Mabuhay ang Kalayaan ng Pilipinas!

Cry of Pugad Lawin (Caloocan)

Pio Valenzuela | Eyewitness | associate of Andres | KKK member | physician | 1st Ver Aug 26 Balintawak | 2nd Ver Aug 23 Pugad Lawin | Katipunan was exposed to the Span auths, Andres gathered key members to plan. | Urged everyone to tear cedulas = defiance | “Mabuhay ang Pilipinas!”

Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines

Catholic Church had significant economic, and political power | Lasted from Span colonial period until the separation of the Church and the State. | Controlled vast amounts of wealth and land |

Political Aspect (Monastic)

Friar Control on government + social institutions | Manipulation on government in easing rebellions and tyranny with their wealth | Land ownership increasing lands leased to farmers | Exploitation, Excessive taxation, burned by costly religious festivals | 1867 Papal Decree to reduce patrons, and festivals, for less costs, ignored by Friars and propagated through deportation threats.

Religious Aspect (Monastic)

Reliance on the Curate + Influence | Curate’s signature + approval are required for many activities, and official documents | No clear ruling on witholding approvals | Concept of Nat’l integrity is invoked by the Chruch |

Economic Aspect (Monastic)

PhilGov - No resources, only established schools, used cheap light material, faced obstacle in tax collections, doesn’t make new sources of profit as to not burden Filipinos. | Monastic Order - grand convents, parishes, palaces, and curate residences, hard expensive material for establishments, heavenly promises for tax collection, new forms of devotion and public pay.

1589 Cagayan + Dinagras Revolt

Native dissatisfaction | Alleged tax collection abuse | 6 Collectors killed in Vigan | GovGen Santiago de Vera sent troops and pardoned rebels.

1649-1650 Agustin Sumuroy Revolt

Palapag, Northern Samar | Polo y servicio forced to work in Cavite shipyards | Killed parish priest of Palapag | Spread to Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, Bicol, Camarines, Albay, Zamboanga, + Surigao | Est. a gov in Samar mountains

1660-1661 Franciso Maniago Revolt

Pampanga | Forced labor, tribute + rice exploitation | 8 months unpaid + unfair work conditions | Campsite arson | Blocked rivers w/ stake to disrupt trade | Called neighboring provinces to join | GovGen Sabiano Manrique de Lara suppressed revolt | Key towns shifted allegiance to Spain, weakening the uprising | Rebels negotiated peace, given post regiment based

1660-1661 Andres Malong Revolt

Binalatongan (San Carlos, Pangasinan) | inspired by Francisco Maniago | Resentment over forced labor, heavy tribute, rice exploitation | Mobalized local forces, Malong mobilized local forces | Self Proclaimed King | Spanish counteroffensive | 1661 betrayed by two locals, Captured + executed | Supporters were hanged

Colonialism

Dominance, power, impose | practice of policy/control | power over ppl+areas | establish colonies w/ the aim of economic dominance/ pursuit of benefiting from regional resources | Imposing religion, language, economy, + other cultural practices.

Spanish Cortes

Legislative of Spain | bicameral parliament of the congress + deputies | Not in PH

Artillean Houses

Rectangular/square house | Narra, Ipil, Molar wood | Azotea back/side