Ethical Principles in Healthcare: Autonomy, Justice, and Double Effect (Prelims) EJC

What is the primary focus of the course on Ethical Principles in Healthcare?

It provides a foundation of laws, regulations, professional ethics, and legal concerns related to Radiologic Technology.

What does the ethical principle of Autonomy emphasize?

It emphasizes self-determination, allowing individuals the freedom of choice and action.

What are the two important considerations regarding client autonomy?

1. Helping clients understand how their decisions may affect others. 2. Ensuring clients can make sound and rational decisions.

What is the capacity to make healthcare decisions?

It is the ability to understand options, risks, and benefits of a healthcare decision, and to communicate that decision.

Why is informed consent important in healthcare?

It protects patients' rights, helps them make informed decisions, and protects clinicians from legal liability.

What does Section 4 of the Magna Carta of Patient's Rights state about informed consent?

Patients have the right to a clear explanation of proposed procedures and must provide written consent before procedures, except in certain cases.

What are some exceptions to obtaining informed consent?

1. Emergency situations. 2. Mass health programs for epidemics. 3. Legal requirements. 4. Minors or legally incompetent patients. 5. Risk of treatment success jeopardized by disclosure. 6. Written waiver by the patient.

Who can give consent if a patient is incapable of doing so?

Consent can be given by a spouse, adult child, parent, adult sibling, or guardian, in that order.

What rights do patients have regarding treatment refusal?

Patients can refuse invasive or high-risk treatments and cannot be forced into unwanted treatments.

What does the right to leave entail according to the Magna Carta of Patient's Rights?

Patients can leave healthcare institutions if informed of medical consequences, release caregivers from obligation, and do not jeopardize public health.

What is paternalism in healthcare?

It involves restricting autonomy by making decisions for another individual, acceptable when the patient lacks decision-making capacity.

What does the ethical principle of Justice emphasize?

It emphasizes fairness, impartiality, and equitable treatment for all individuals.

What are the four important considerations of Justice?

1. Fairness. 2. Impartiality. 3. Distributive Justice. 4. Social Justice.

What is the ethical principle of Fidelity?

It refers to the obligation to keep promises and commitments in healthcare.

What does the ethical principle of Veracity entail?

It is the obligation to tell the truth and not deceive others.

What is the ethical principle of Beneficence?

It refers to the obligation to act in the best interest of the patient.

What does Non-Maleficence mean in healthcare ethics?

It is the obligation to not inflict harm intentionally.

What is the Principle of Double Effect (PDE)?

It is an ethical concept where an action has both a good intended effect and an unintended harmful effect.

What are the four conditions that must be met for an action to be justified under the Principle of Double Effect?

1. The act must be morally good or neutral. 2. The good effect must be intended, not the bad. 3. The good effect is not achieved by means of the bad effect. 4. There must be a proportionately grave reason for permitting the bad effect.

AUTOS

SELF

NOMOS

RULE

ETHICAL

OUGHT TO

PRUDENT

KNOWLEDGE

LEGAL

MUST

Section 4 of the Magna Carta of Patient's Rights and Obligations, (2) Right to Informed Consent:

The patient has a right to a clear, truthful and substantial explanation, in a manner and

language understandable to the patient, of all proposed procedures, whether diagnostic, preventive, curative, rehabilitative or therapeutic, wherein the person who will perform the said procedure shall

provide his name and credentials to the patient, possibilities of any risk of mortality or serious side

effects, problems related to recuperation, and probability of success and reasonable risks involved.

REPUBLIC ACT OF 9439

No patientshall be detained against his/her will in any health care institution on the sole basis of hisfailure

to fully settle his financial obligations.

PATERNALISM / PARENTALISM

action that limits a person's or group's liberty or autonomy against their will and is intended to promote their own good.

JUSTICE

Emphasizes fairness, impartiality, and equitable treatment for all individuals. - It requires that benefits and burdens are distributed fairly within society, and that

individuals are treated with respect and dignity, regardless of their background or

circumstances.

impartiality

Decision-making should be free from bias and prejudice, applying the same standards to everyone.

Distributive Justice

This aspect of justice focuses on how resources, benefits, and burdens are allocated within a society. It considers whether the distribution is fair and equitable.

Social Justice

This broader concept addresses systemic inequalities and seeks to create a society where everyone has the opportunity to thrive.

FIDELITY

loyalty, keeping promises, maintaining confidentiality, faithfulness in professional standards.

VERACITY

The obligation to tell the truth and not to lie or deceive others

BENEFICENCE

promoting patients best interest, preventing harm, balancing benefits and risks

NON MALEFICENCE

duty to do no harm

Principle of Double Effect (PDE)

ethical concept used in healthcare when a

single action has two effects

Principle of Double Effect (PDE)

intended good effect, unintended but foreseeable harmful effect