Hist 1010 Morris Bian Exam 3

Artistic Renaissance

Painters, sculptors and architects drew inspiration from classical greek and roman artists.

Intellectual Renaissance

Humanists also looked to classical rather than medieval literary models.

Aphrodite

Goddess of Love, beauty, and fertility

Best known work of sculpture

Philology

The study and analysis of ancient texts

Became one of the most celebrated humanist skills

Indulgence Contreversy

The Catholic Church sold indulgences in the late medieval period, and their sale motivated Martin Luther to present his "95 Theses."

King Henry VIII

Started the Anglican Church because he wasn't granted a divorce. Was excommunicated by the Pope.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Geneva churches

Swiss city-state which became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland

Geocentric Model

Model of the Solar System with the Earth in the center. First created by the Greeks.

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

Two Treatises of Government

Written by John Locke

Life Liberty and Property

People found it difficult to protect inalienable rights so they mutually agreed to establish a government to protect their rights.

Locke's theory of social contract embodied the attempt of Enlightenment thinkers to subject human society to rational and critical analysis

King Henry II

His reign saw the production of the first written legal textbook in the history of England, a document that provided the basis of today's Common Law

English Parliament

key representative institution resulted directly from the joint assembly of the nobles and magnates during the late 13th century and indirectly and fundamentally from the sustained conflict between monarchy and nobility

Estates General

Equivalent to English Parliament in France. Votes divided between 3 social classes evenly.

Clergy

Nobility

Townspeople

Nation-State

Refers to a territorial association that claims supremacy over all other associations within its boundaries. Its characterized by its independent power to compel obedience from the populations within its territories.

Huguenots

Calvinists

made up 40% of French Nobility

Thirty Years' War

Calvinist vs Catholic

Last of religious wars

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIII's chief minister

Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles

King Louis XIV

Absolute French monarch who reigned for seventy-two years.

Puritans

Wanted to purify the church of England from the remnants of Roman Catholic Popery

Petition of Right

A written document asking for a limit to the king's power

Taxes without parliament's consent

Arbitrary imprisonment

The quartering of soldiers in private houses

The declaration of martial law in peacetime

Glorious Revolution

the bloodless overthrow of the English king James II and his replacement by William and Mary

Toleration Act

1689 act of British Parliament granting some religious freedoms to non-Anglican Protestants

Tianshan Mountains

Mountains of Heaven

a large system of mountain ranges located in Central Asia

Bureaucracy

A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials

Xia Dynasty

The first dynasty in China, from 2000 B.C. to 1600 B.C.

Zhou Dynasty

the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism

Fenfengzhi

refers to the feudal political and social order of Chinese society during the early zhou dynasty, which decentralized public authority and responsibility rather than vest them in the central government.

Defining Moment

period of time between 500BC-500AD

Confucianism

a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.

ideas of Confucius, emphasizing such values as family, tradition, and mutual respect

Han Feizi

Founder of Legalism

Michelangelo

Born into a family of bankers in Florence

Came under the protection of Lorenzo the Magnificent

Sculpted David in 1504

Humanism

A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity

Lorenzo Valla

Demonstrated that philology had important practical applications

Wrote "On Pleasure" defended the senses of good

Ninety-Five Theses

a critique of the Catholic doctrine of indulgences and papal authority produced by Martin Luther

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Elect

To choose by voting

Scientific Revolution

The series of events that led to the birth of modern science

1543-1687

Nicholas Copernicus

(1543) Polish scholar who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe.

Enlightenment

an intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries marked by a rejection of traditional cultural and religious ideas and an emphasis on reason and rational analysis

Theory of Social Contract

Written by John Locke

Embodied the attempt of Enlightenment thinkers to subject human society to rational and critical analysis

This said that the people had the right to overthrow the government and create a new one.

King John

English nobles rose to rebellion against monarchical power during his reign

forced to sign Magna Carta

Hugh Capet

King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996)

Hundred Years' War

a series of battles fought between France and England from 1337 to 1453

It led to establishment of a regular system of taxation in England and France

It strengthened existing tendencies in state-building in England and France

Wars of Religion

Between Catholics and Protestants; Redrew European political boundaries

a product of reformation ideologies in France

King Henry IV

King of Germany who was in conflict with Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture

Phalanx

A military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields

European States System

The current European balance of power is a supranational organization known as the European Union rather than the Nineteenth Century political concept that emerged at the Peace of Paris in 1815

Intendants

French government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.

Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Popery

an offensive term for the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

English Civil War

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

1642-1649

William and Mary

They replace the king of England after the glorious Revolution

Gobi Desert

A high desert in China and Mongolia.

Yellow River

a large river in northern China, where Chinese civilization developed

Yang-Shao Culture

a Neolithic culture that existed extensively along the Yellow River in China

Shang Dynasty

one of the first Chinese dynasties, ruled from 1700 to 1122 B.C.E.

Centralize

To bring under a single, central authority. In the context of world history, centralization refers to the process of bringing administrative

Mandate of Heaven (Zhou)

the belief that the Chinese king's right to rule came from the gods

Creative Minorities

The creative, political, and philosophical thinkers that caused reform in Defining Moment

Mencius

Confucius's greatest disciple; he has been called the second sage; wrote Analects.

Legalism

a Chinese philosophy that emphasizes strict obedience to laws

David

Sculpted by Michelangelo in 1504

important in Artistic Renaissance

Petrarch

Father of Humanism

FIRST TO CHARACTERIZE THIS TIME AS DARK AGES

Martin Luther

German monk, questioned the Roman Catholic Church, was excommunicated. Wrote the 95 theses

led reformation

Castle Church

The place where Martin Luther posted his ninety - five thesis on October 31, 1517.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin

Reprobate

A dishonest or immoral person; a scoundrel

Claudius Ptolemy

ancient Greek astronomer that is known for his theory of an earth-centered universe

Heliocentric Model

model in which Earth and the other planets orbit the sun.

John Locke

wrote Two Treatises

began with the state of nature before human existence became organized socially. Unlike some other political thinkers who believed humans lived in a state of war, he also believed that humans lived in a state of equality and freedom

life, liberty, and property

William the Conqueror

Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and claimed the English crown

The invasion of England by this person marked the beginning of late medieval England

Magna Carta

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

Philip the Fair

1st monarch to consult systematically with representative bodies in French History

King of France who moved papacy from Rome to Avignon

Joan of Arc

Savior of France during 100 years war

Believed that a saint commanded her to free france

French Wars of Religion

religious civil wars between Protestantism (Huguenots) and Catholicism (French monarchy)

1562-1598

Edict of Nantes

acknowledged Catholicism as France's official religion, but it also guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy political privileges

Musket

A smooth bore gun with a long barrel that fired lead balls.

Absolutism

Absolute Monarchy

A political system in which a ruler holds total power

Cardinal Mazarin

was the minister to Louis XIV whose policies drove nobles to rebel against the boy king

King James I

English king who wanted to have a successful colony in America

King Charles I

the son of James I who alienated the English Parliament and was beheaded after the English Civil War

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Creator of New Model Army

Declaration of Rights

drafted at a Virginia Convention, proclaimed the inherit rights of man

Himalaya Mountains

A mountain range in South Asia that includes Mount Everest, the world's tallest mountain peak.

Yangzi River

River that cuts through central China and flows from the mountains of Tibet to Pacific Ocean

Huge agriculture and dense population. Trade and transportation route.

Hemudu Culture

one of the earliest cultures to cultivate rice

Yangzi River territory

Oracle Bones

Animal bones or shells used by the Chinese priests to receive messages from the gods

Decentralize

To distribute the administrative functions or powers of a central authority among different governmental organizations as well as different local authorities

Warring States Period

Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC)

Founder of Confucianism

Mandate of Heaven (Mencius)

Manifested itself only through the acceptance of a ruler by his people