Forms of Struggle and Adaptation in the Emergence of Filipino Consciousness

Flashcards covering the concepts of struggle, historical revolts, social hierarchies, economic policies, and corruption during the Spanish and Japanese occupations of the Philippines.

What is the definition of pakikibaka?

It refers to collective struggle, patient effort, or the fight of citizens to defend their rights, advance an important cause, or fight any form of oppression and exploitation.

What is Armadong Pakikibaka (Armed Struggle)?

The use of violence, weapons, and physical strength by a group or movement to achieve political, social, or economic goals against oppressive systems or invaders.

What is Payapang Pakikibaka (Peaceful Struggle / Nonviolent Resistance)?

The assertion of rights and the request for radical or gradual social change without using any form of physical violence, force, or weapons.

In the context of peaceful struggle, what is a 'Boycott'?

The collective refusal to buy products or patronize services from a company or specific country that implements oppressive or unjust policies.

What is the meaning of the acronym EDSA?

Epifanio de los Santos Avenue.

Between what dates was the EDSA People Power Revolution conducted?

February 22–25, 1986 (also noted as including February 28, 1986).

Who is the historian who categorized Spanish-era revolts into three main groups in the book 'History of the Filipino People'?

Teodoro Agoncillo.

What are the three main categories of Filipino revolts during the Spanish period according to Teodoro Agoncillo?

Personal, Resistance to Abusive Economic and Religious Institutions, and Land Problems (agrarian unrest).

Who was the leader of the 'Confradia de San Jose' and what was his birthdate?

Hermano Pule (Apolinario de la Cruz), born on July 22, 1814.

In the Spanish colonial social hierarchy, who were the 'Peninsulares'?

Pure Spaniards born in Spain who held the highest positions in the government and the church.

Who were the 'Criollos' or 'Insulares'?

Pure Spaniards born outside of Spain (specifically in the Philippines).

Which group was at the bottom of the social hierarchy and what was the term used for them?

Indio; the term used by Spaniards for native Filipinos (excluding Moros and Infieles).

Who were the 'Ilustrado'?

Meaning 'the enlightened ones,' they were the educated class of Filipinos from Principalia or Mestizo families who studied in Europe and universities to promote reforms.

What was the 'Sistemang Bandala'?

An economic policy where natives were obligated to sell their harvests and products to the government at very low prices, often receiving only a promissory note.

What was the 'Galyon' (Galleon Trade)?

The official trade between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico (1565-1815), which was a government monopoly exchanging Asian products for silver.

How is 'Nepotismo' defined as a form of corruption?

Favoring or appointing one's own relatives to positions in the government.

What does the 'Panuelo' symbolize in traditional women's attire during the Spanish period?

Modesty and conservative culture.

When did Japan bomb the United States military base at Pearl Harbor, leading to the occupation of the Philippines?

December 7, 1941.