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What is misleading information in eyewitness testimony?
Incorrect information given to an eyewitness after an event, often through leading questions or post-even discussion
What was the procedure of Loftus and Palmer’s Experiment 1?
45 participants watched films of car accidents and answered questions, including a critical leading question about speed using different verbs (e.g., smashed, hit, contacted)
How did the verb in the leading question affect speed estimates
Stronger verbs led to higher speed estimates
What was the procedure of Experiment 2
Participants watched a 1 minute video, answered speed related questions, and returned a week alter for further questioning including ‘Did you see any broken glass?’ (There was no broken glass).
What did Experiment 2 show about the effects of leading questions
Participants who believed the car was traveling faster were more likely to falsely recall seeing broken glass, suggesting that leading questions can alter memory
What does the response bias explanation suggest
The wording of the question influences how participants decide to answer but does not change their actual memeory
What does the substitution explanation suggest
The wording of a leading question actually changes the participants memory of the event
How can post event discussion affect eyewitness testimony
Memory can be altered or contaminated through discussing the event with others or repeated questioning
What did Gabbert et al (2003) study?
Pairs of participants watched a crime from different perspectives, discussed it, then recalled what they saw
What were the findings of Gabbert et al. study?
71% of participants mistakenly mistakenly recalled items they had not actually seen but learned from their discussion
What is memory conformity
When witnesses go along with each other’s memories, often to gain soical approval
How can repeat interviewing affect eyewitness testimony
Each interview increases the chance that the interviewer’s comments become part of the witness’s memory
Why is Loftus and Palmer’s study considered artificial
Participants watched film clips instead of experiencing real accidents, which lack the stress and emotional impact of real life events
What was the Disney study on misleading information
Collage students viewed misleading advertisements about Disneyland featuring Bugs Bunny or Ariel. Those exposed to this misinformation were more likely to falsely recall meeting these characters
