parts of earth where material (such as water) remains for a period of time
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what percent of the world is covered in water
70%
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residence time
the time a molecule spends in a particular reservoir
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what percent of the world’s water is oceans/saltwater
97%
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other saltwater makes up what percent of the world’s water
1%
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what percent of the world’s water is freshwater
2\.5%
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what percent of freshwater is frozen
about 70%
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what percent of freshwater is groundwater
30%
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what percent of freshwater is usable
0\.4-1%
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where is water purified
evaporation and infiltration
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what phase change is solid to gas
sublimation
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what is evaporation from plants called
evapotranspiration
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what are the places with the longest residence times
oceans, groundwater, and frozen
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what are the shortest residence time
atmosphere and biosphere water
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aquifers
subsurface areas of rock or sediment where water cam accumulate or slowly pass through
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lakes and ponds are _____water
surface water
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lentic ecosystems
ecosystems with water that is still
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lotic ecosystems
ecosystems with flowing water
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wetlands are important for biodiversity what do swamps have that marshes don’t
trees
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what are estuaries
a mix of salt and freshwater
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what happened to flint Michigan
The town of flint drew water from the flint river instead of the Detroit river. The water was more corrosive which caused the lead in the solder of the pipes to leech into the water supply.
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Why is lead dangerous
it causes neurologic issues
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why would they buy water from Detroit
it was cheaper
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why was the water more corrosive/what else had lead
paint and gas
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what are the problems with the increased withdrawals from groundwater systems.
the water is being taken faster than it is recharging (water mining), shrinking of rivers and wetlands, saline intrusion (salt pollution), sinking or collapse of the ground surface (subsidence/sinkholes), the land surface lowering.
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what does use and diversion cause
diverting surface water upstream can dimmish water downstream
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what do impervious surfaces cause
they send water to storm drains rather than ground areas which means no recharge, increased pollution, increased flow rates, and keep water from infiltration meaning it doesn’t get clean
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what do dams, reservoirs, canals, and pipelines cause
massive freshwater evaporation, disruption of fish migration, and movement of sediment and eroded material that accumulates in different areas
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point source pollution
containments from a clearly identifiable conduit such as a pipe, ditch, channel, or well
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nonpoint source
pollutants discharge in a broader more diffuse and less readily identifiable way such as agricultural, residential, and industrial activities.
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sediment pollution
most common and occurs when large amounts of loose soil are swept into waterways causing cloudy or turbid waters that reduce light penetration
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chemical pollution
caused by chemicals, or agriculture and energy production
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biological pollution
caused by cattle and feedlot runoff into freshwater systems as well as biological pathogens
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what does agricultural runoff do
causes algal blooms which creates anoxic conditions
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what is a water related disease
a disease from drinking unclean water
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where does most water go?
most water goes to agricultural irrigation (90% embedded water), then industry, and last residential water use by the public
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consumptive water
water is removed and not returned to its source
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water conservation and harvesting techniques
water recycling (taking residential water, cleaning it and using it for other things), harvesting dew, desalination plants,
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what are the two acts in the United States that protect clean water
Clean water act and safe drinking water act
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reasons for water scarcity
decreases in water availability because of dams, privatization of water, and other water diversions.
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what are the two different kinds of ocean currents
surface and deep ocean
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surface ocean currents
horizontal, transfer heat from warmer to cooler areas, driven by wind belts, affect coastal climates
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deep ocean currents
vertical and horizontal, density driven, provides oxygen to deep sea, brings nutrients up
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what is the most dense water
4 degrees and salty
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wind goes from __ __pressure to ___pressure__
high to low pressure
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what are the deep ocean currents
thermohaline circulation, deep ocean circulation, global conveyer belt
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where is the most dense water located
off the coast of greenland
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rules for main gyres
currents don’t cross the equator
currents next to each other go the same direction
know the gulf stream
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how long do deep water circulations take
1000 years
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how long do surface currents take
10 years
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what is the cryosphere
all of the frozen water
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what percent of freshwater is it
2/3- 66%
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what percent of all water is it
2%
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which causing rising sea levels ice on land (ice sheets and glaciers) or ice in the ocean ( sea ice, iceberg, layers over lake and rivers)
ice on land
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why is the cryosphere important
acts as air condition( moderates world temperature), it also provides the world with albedo, its melting is a source of drinking water.
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what is permafrost
frozen underground for a few years to hundreds of thousands of years. melting permafrost can release methane and CO2.
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what is an ice age
earth’s temp is cold enough to cover large areas with ice
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when was the last ice age
26,500 to 20,000 years ago it started 16,000 years ago it ended and it created a lot of the landscapes over the north united states
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Coriolis effect
causes deflection in a moving body
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where does it deflect in north
right
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where does it reflect in south
left
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where is Coriolis the max
at the poles
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where is there no Coriolis effect
equator
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ekman transport
average movement of seawater under influence of wind
Studied by 3 people
