TOPIC 1: HEAD AND NECK

SKULL

• FRAMEWORK OF THE HEAD

• DIVIDED INTO TWO SUBSECTIONS:

• CRANIUM AND THE FACE

CRANIUM

• HOUSE AND PROTECHTS THE BAIN AND MAJOR SENSORY ORGANS

FACIAL BONES

• immovable except for the MANDIBLE

TEMPORAL ARTERY

• major artery, is located between the eye and the top of the ear.

TWO IMPORANT STRUCTURES LOCATED IN THE FACIAL REGION

• parotid

• submandibular salivary glands

PAROTID GLANDS

• located on each side of the face

• anterior and inferior to the ears and behind the mandible

SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS

• located inferior to the mandible, underneath the base of the tongue.

THE NECK

composed of muscles, ligaments, and the cervical vertebrae.

STERNOMASTOID (STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID) AND TRAPEZIUS MUSCLES

• two of paired muscles that allow movement and provide support to the head and neck.

STERNOMASTOID MUSCLE

• ROTATES AND FLEXES THE HEAD

TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE

• EXTENDS THE HEAD AND MOVES THE SHOULDERS

ELEVETH CRANNIAL NERVE

• RESPONSIBLE FOR MUSCLE MOVEMENT THAT PERMIT SHRUGGING OF THE SHOULDERS BY THE TRAPEZIES MUSCLES.

TWMO MAJOR MUSCLES THAT FORM TWO TRIANGLE THAT SERVES AS A LANDMARK FOR ASSESSMENT

• ANTERIOR TRIANGLE

• POSTERIOR TRIANGLE

ANTERIOR TRIANGLE

• LOCATED UNDER MANDIBLE

POSTERIOR TRIANGLE

• LOCATED BETWEEN THE TRAPEZIUS AND STERNOMASTOID MUSCLES

C1 TRHOUGH C7

• POSTERIOR NECK AND SUPPORT THE CRANIUM

C7

• VERTEBRA PROMINENT

• CAN SEASILY BE PALPATED WHEN THE NECK IS FLEXED

• USING C7 WILL HELP YOU TO LOCATE OTHER VERTEBRAE.

INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS AND CAROTID ARTERIES

• LOCATED BILATERALLY, PARALLEL AND ANTERIOR TO THE STERNOMASTOID MUSCLES.

EXTERNAL DUGULAR VEIN

• DIAGONALLY OVER THE SURFACE OF THESE MUSCLES.

NEED TO KNOW THE LOCATION OF CAROTID ARTERIS

TO AVOID BILATERAL COMPRESSION OF THE CESSEL

CAN REDUCE THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN

THYROID GLAND

• LARGEST ENDOCRINE GLAND IN THE BODY

• PRODUCED HORMONES THAT INCREASE THE METABOLIC RATE OF MOST BODY CELLS

KINDS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF HEADACHE

MIGRAINE

CLUSTER

TENSION

TUMOR RELATED

MIGRAINE

• acoompoanied by nausea, vomiting and sensitiviy to noise or light

• location: around eyes, temples, cheecks, or forehead

• duration: last up to 3 days

• severity: throbbing. severe, recurring

• pattern: rest may bring relief

• associated factors: migraines occur more often in women

CLUSTER

• accompanied by tearing, eyelid drooping, reddened eye, or runny nose.

• sudden onset

• may be precipitated by ingesting alcohol

• localized in the eye and orbit and radiating to the facial and temporal region

• typically occurs in the late evening or night

• intense and stabbing

• movement or walking back and forth may relieve the discomfort

• cluster headaches oocur more in young male

Tension

• symptoms of anxiety, tension, and depression may be present

• no prodromal stage

• may occur with stress, anxiety or depression

• usually located in the frontal, temporal or occipital region

• lasts dyas, months or years

• dull, aching, tight or diffuse

• symptomatic relief may be obtained by local heat, massage, analgesics, anti-depressants, must be relaxants

• tesnion headached affect women more ofen than men.

Tumor Related

• neurologic and mental symptoms and nausea and vomiting may develop

• no prodromal stage

• amy be aggravated by coughing, sneezing, or sudden movements of head

• varies with location of tumor

• commonly occurs in the morning and lasts for several hourse

• aching, steady, variable in intensity

• headahce usually, subsides later in the days.

EQUIPMENT

• GLOVE

• SMALL CUP OF WATER

• STETHOSCOPE

INSPECT THE NECK

• OBSERVE THE CLIENT’S SLIGHTLY EXTENDED NECK FOR POSITION, SYMMETRY AND LUMPS OR MASSES. SHINE A LIGHT FROM THE SIDE OF THE NECK ACROSS TO HIGHLIGHT ANY SWLLING.

INSPECT MOVEMENT OF THE NECK STRUCTURES

• ASK CLIENT TO SWALLO A SMALL SIP OF WATER. OBSERVE THE MOVEMENT OF THE THYROID CARTILAGE.

INSPECT THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

• ASK THE CLIENT TO FLEX THE NECK CHIN TO CHEST, EAR TO SHOULDER, TWIST LEFT TO RIGHT AND RIGHT TO LEFT, AND BACKWARD AND FORWARD.

INSPECT RANGE OF MOTION

• ASK THE CLIENT TO TURN THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT AND TO THE LEFT CHIN TO SHOULDER, TOUCH EACH TO THE SHOULDER, TOUCH CHIN TO CHEST, AND LIFT THE CHIN TO THE CEILING.

PALPATE FTHE TRACHEA

• PLACE YOUR FINGER IN THE STERNAL NOTCH

PALPATE THE THYROID GLAND

• LOCATE KEY LANDMARKS WITH YOUR INDEX FINGER AND THUMBS

PALPATING THE TRACHEA

• PLACE YOUR FINGER ALONG ONE SIDE OF THE TRACHEA. ASSESS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TRACHEA’S OUTER EDGE AND THE STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLES. THEN ASSESS THE DISTANCE ON THE OTHER SIDE, AND COMPARE THE TWO DISTANCE. THEY SHOULD BE THE SAME.

AUSCULTATION

• AUSCULTATE THE THYROOID ONLY IF YOU FIND AN ENLARGED THYROID GLAND DURING INSPECTION OR PALPATION.

PALPATION