TUES BIOL 319 Lec 3

Organization

Where parts of an organism has specific interrelationships and functions.

Metabolism

Using energy to perform vital functions. For ALL chemical reactions of the body.

Why lift weights?

We burn calories, build muscle, repair tissue at night.

What does repairing tissue do?

Skeletal muscle goes up & has high BMR.

Adipose

Fat, almost no BMR

Testosterone is good at…

repairing tissue.

Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes in interior and exterior environment & adjust. Cell to cell communication is necessary.

Is mitosis always tremendous?

No

Growth

Increase in size or number of cells

Development

changes in an organism over time

Differentiation

Change from general to specific

Morphogenesis

Change in shape of tissues, organs, or the entire organism

Reproduction

Formation of new cells or new organisms for growth and development. Allows organisms to pass on their genes to their offspring.

Living organisms respond to…

RESPOND TO STIMULI

Homeostasis

Involuntary, brain monitoring. Maintaining constant/stable internal environment within the body.

____ fluctuate around the ____ to establish a ____

Variables/conditions ; set point/ideal normal value ; normal range

Blood is…

A little basic (7.3-4 pH) & a fluid connective tissue

Lysosome pH is…

~5

Gut pH is…

VERY ACIDIC WOW. Low pH because of proton potassium pumps.

pH means

potential/power of the hydrogen. On a scale from 0 to 14.

What is a good temperature?

98.6 degrees fahrenheit, except for testicular proteins.

What is homeostasis regulated by?

Feedback loops → Allow for a process to be adjusted by the outcome. Negative and positive feedback loop.

What are the components of the two feedback loops

Receptor, Control center, Effector.

Receptor

monitors value of variable by detecting its change (stimulus)

Control center

establishes set point and receives input from the receptor.

Effector

Generates the response to stimuli which can change the value of the variable. Some are voluntary & involuntary.

Integral proteins

Proteins embedded in a cell membrane

Different types of integral proteins

The channels, carriers, pumps, and receptors.

What pathway do integral proteins go thru?

The secretary pathway, and have a signal sequence at their end terminus.

Medulla oblongata

Respiration rate, heart rate, blood pressure centers.

What are the only narcotics?

opiates.

What are opiates good at?

they are really good at hyperpolarizing pain centers in the CNS.

Negative feedback

Counteracts change ( increase variable ⇒ decreases response ), Moves TOWARD set pt, Maintains homeostasis.

Example of Negative feedback

Body temperature (w/ hypothalamus)

Temperature regulation is in…

the HYPOTHALAMUS

Hypothalamus is a part of the…

diencephalon of the forebrain

Everything except what cannot sweat?

Canines… they pant instead.

We can sweat and also…

SWEAT AND FLUSH

Flush

blood to skin == hemodynamics.

Someone comes through that door…

LESS blood to skin, until we over heat & flush → MORE BLOOD flow to skin, skeletal muscle brain & LESS BLOOD flow to reproductive organs and butt

Hypothalamus… voluntary or involuntary?

ALMOST ALWAYS VOLUNTARY

Skeletal muscle…… voluntary or involuntary?

Voluntary, but not always. INVOLUNTARY for shivering and reflexes.

Agonists

binds to a receptor AND activates it.

Satiety

Full. (GLP1 agonists)

Antagonist

binds to a receptor but does NOT activate it.

Baroreceptors

Detect pressure

Baro

pressure

Head rush

Laying flat → hop up too quickly → intracranial blood pressure goes down → light headed

Pharmacology

study of drug and drug interactions

Positive feedback

Amplifies change ( increase variable ⇒ increases response ), Moves AWAY from set pt, Temporarily disrupts homeostasis.

Example of Positive feedback

Childbirth, Blood clotting.

Cervi

neck

Cervix

Neck like structure in the female reproductive tract. Has baro receptors.

Pushing the cervix at a certain volume wil…

press on baro receptor of cervix → Send signals to posterior pituitary & releases OXYTOCIN → uterus contracts → more pressure to cervix, posterior pituitary..yada yada yad

More and more ==

TRUE LABOR

Oxycoton

A opiate narcotic.

Ileum

3rd segment of small intestine

Ilium

hip bone

Anatomical position

Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward.

Supine body position

Lying face UPWARD.

Prone body position

Lying face DOWNWARD.

Superior (Cephalic) & Inferior (Caudal)

Toward & Away from head

Medial & Lateral

Middle, outward.

Proximal & Distal

Close to limb & Far from limb

Superficial & Deep

Close to SURFACE of body & More INSIDE body

Anterior (Ventral) & Posterior (Dorsal)

Forward & Backward

Why?

Because we are upright and bipedal

Trunk

From shoulder to perineal

Patellar

anterior (front) aspect of the knee

Popliteal

posterior (back) aspect of the knee

Three ways we protect the kidney

Abdominal fat, ilium, most inferior three ribs

Epa/Epi

upon

Gastric

stomach

Neck vertebrate (from Superior to inferior)

Cervical 7, Thoracic 12, Lumbar 5, Sacral 5, Caudal 4

Sagittal

Body divided left and right

Median

Sagittal plane down midline

Frontal (Coronal)

Body divided into anterior and posterior section

Transverse (horizontal)

Body divided into superior and inferior section

Oblique

NOT Right angle. Other than right angle. Broken bones.

Longitudinal

Cut along the length of the organ.

Body cavities (4)

Cranial, Vertebral, Thoracic, Abdominopelvic

We are…

Deuterostomes & Vertebrates

True coelom

Cavities and Connective tissue. Keeps organs in place.

Dorsal body cavities

Cranial cavity

Houses the brain

Vertebral canal

Houses the spinal cord

Ventral body cavities

Thoracic cavity

Further divided into pleural cavities and a medial mediastinum

Pleural cavities

Each enclose a lung

Mediastinum

Contain the heart, some major blood vessels, thymus, trachea, esophagus

Abdominopelvic

Contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

Abdominopelvic is a …

portmanteau word. Where you take two words, cut them off, and put them together.

We do well with… SHORT OR LONG PERIODS OF STRESS?

SHORTTTTTT

Abdominal

Contains digestive organs ( stomach, intestines, liver) and spleen.

Pelvic

Urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, reproductive organs.

Bladder has…

transitional epithelium with many baro receptors

Serous Membranes

Covers and lines organs of body cavity & secretes serous fluid

Why is serous fluid slippering?

Contains hyaluronic acid which has less friction due to it being hydrophilic.

Visceral serous (organ) membrane

Covers INNER organ

Parietal serous membrane

lines OUTER cavity