mmsc 200 chapter 11

Carotid

plunge into deep sleep

pulmonary:

relating to the lungs.

Vena cava:

• L vein + hollow

Major Arteries

• a) A pulse is the heart beat that people can

• feel against artery vessels, if the vessels are close to the skin and when   the heart beats.

• b) The pulse is the same as the heart rate.

• c) The normal adult pulse is 60 to 100 beats a minute.

• Pulmonary artery- carrying O2- poor blood From heart to lungs

  • Pulmonary vein- carrying O2-  rich blood from lungs  to heart

  • Vena cava: L vein + hollow

Major valves of the heart

• Tricuspid valve (“cusps” = flaps of the valves): between right atrium and right

• ventricle

• Pulmonary valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

• Mitral valve: between left atrium and the left ventricle (L: headband, turban)

• Aortic valve: between left ventricle and aorta

• High oxygenated blood would be encountered by 

  • Mitral valve 

Systole-

• contraction of heartbeat

distole

Relaxed phase pf heartbeat

Cerebrovascular accident(CVA) aka stroke

• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is a disruption of normal blood supply to brain.

  • Hemorrhagic — A blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery, breaks and bleeding occurs

  • Embolic — A dislodged clot that travels to the cerebral arteries.

    • Deep vain thrombosis

  • Thrombotic — A blood clot in an artery heading to the brain

• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

• a) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a deep

  • vein, predominantly in the legs.

• b) Causes include three processes: a decreased blood flow rate (venous stasis),

  • increased tendency to clot (hypercoagulability), and changes to the blood vessel wall.

• c) A complicated illness is Pulmonary embolism, a potentially life-threatening

  • complication, is caused by the detachment (embolization) of a clot that travels to the lungs.

• d) Non-specific signs may include pain, swelling, redness, warmness, and engorged superficial veins.

ace inhibitor

drugs that lower blood pressure

acute coronary syndrome

consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries

aneurysm

weakening of an arterial wall, which may lead to a hemorrhage or stroke

angina

chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia

angiogram

x-ray of a vessel

angiography

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

angioplasty

surgical repair of a blood vessel

anoxia

lack of oxygen

aorta

Largest artery in the body

aortic stenosis

narrowing of the aorta

apex of the heart

uppermost portion of the lung

Arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

arterial anastomosis

surgical connection between two arteries

arteriography

process of recording an artery

arteriole

small artery

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

artery

largest type of blood vessel

atherectomy

surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery

atheroma

Mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery.

Atherosclerosis

form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery

atrial

pertaining to the atrium

atrial fibrillation

Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm.

atrioventricular block

Failure of conduction of impulses from the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle and ventricles of the heart.

atrioventricular bundle

specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them

atrioventricular node

Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker SA node through the AV node and atrioventricular bundle or (bundle of His) toward the ventricles.

atrium

upper chamber of the heart

Auscultation

Listening with a stethoscope to sounds within the body

Beta Blockers

drug used to treat abnormal heart rhythms and high blood pressure

brachial artery

The major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm.

bradycardia

slow heart rate

bruit

An abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery or an organ.

bundle of his

atrioventricular bundle

calcium channel blocker

Drug used to treat chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure (hypertension).

capillary

smallest blood vessel

carbon dioxide

Gas produced in tissue cells when oxygen and food combine.

cardiac arrest

sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death

cardiac biomarkers

chemicals measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack

cardiac catheterization

thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery

cardiac mri

images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field

cardiac tamponade

pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space

cardiogenic shock

circulatory failure due to poor heart function

cardiomegaly

enlargement of the heart

cardiomyopathy

disease of the heart muscle

cardioversion

Treatment for serious arrhythmias using brief discharges of electricity to shock the heart so that a normal rhythm can begin; defibrillation.

claudication

pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest

coarctation of the aorta

Congenital anomaly in which a portion of the aorta near the heart is narrowed or stenosed.

computerized tomography angiography

X-ray images are combined with computerized tomography to produce a three-dimensional picture of the heart and blood vessels.

congenital heart disease

Structural heart defects that appear at birth.

congestive heart failure

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

coronary arteries

Branches of the aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

coronary artery bypass grafting

arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages

coronary artery disease

Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become clogged and blocked with deposits of fatty material and cholesterol (plaque).

cyanosis

abnormal condition of blue skin

deep-vein thrombosis

A blood clot in a deep vein, most often an extremity

defibrillation

brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation)

deoxygenated blood

blood that is oxygen-poor

diastole

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

digital subtraction angiography

video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels

digoxin

Drug that increases the strength and regularity of the heartbeat.

doppler ultrasound

Method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow.

echocardiography

Sound waves are used to image the structure of the heart.

electrocardiogram

record of the electrical activity of the heart

electrocardiography

recording of electricity flowing through the heart

electron beam computed tomography

electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD

embolus

A blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage.

endarterectomy

surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

endothelium

innermost lining of blood vessels

extracorpeal circulation

heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired

fibrillation

rapid, random, and ineffective contractions of the heart

flutter

rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria

heart transplantation

a donor heart is transferred to a recipient

hemorrhoids

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

Holter monitoring

Compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.

Hypercholesterolemia

high levels of cholesterol in the blood

hypertension

high blood pressure

hypoxia

deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

implantable cardioverter defibrillator

Small electric device implanted inside the chest (near the collarbone) to sense arrhythmias and terminate them to restore normal sinus rhythm.

infarction

area of dead tissue

intraventricular septum

wall that separates the two ventricles

ischial

pertaining to the ischium

left ventricular assist device

Booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle. An LVAD is a "bridge to transplant" or destination therapy when heart transplantation is impossible.

lipid tests

measurements of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood

lipoprotein electrophoresis

lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample

mitral stenosis

narrowing of the mitral valve

mitral valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

mitral valve prolapse

Abnormal closure of the mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

mitral valvulitis

inflammation of the mitral valve

murmur

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

myocardial infarction

Area of dead (necrotic) tissue in the heart muscle; heart attack.